2ntf COPY; 
1898. 







LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Chap.. —J* Copyright No. 
Shelf__„_/_!l^ 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



BUSINESS 

SHORTHAND 

PRESENTING A METHOD OP SWIFT WRITING 

FOR THE USE OF 

AMANUENSES AND REPORTERS 



N ACCORDANCE WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF 

LINDSLEY'S TAKIGRAFY 



Arranged and Published by D. Kimball 

Author of The Amanuensis, Key to The Amanuensis, 

Swift Fonetic Script, 
A Manual of Educational and Business Typewriting, 

etc. 

CHICAGO 

1§9§ 
1 



23486 

Copyrighted in 1898 by D. Kimball, 

Under License from 

The Heirs of D. P. Lindsley, Author of Takigrafy. 

TO MY FELLOW TEACHERS AND LEARNERS: 

There is so much work which must be done, that all of it should be 
done in the most economical manner. It is to save to the utmost degree 
possible, the time and work of Teachers, Learners and Writers, that 
this system of writing and teaching have been faithfully worked out 
May their use be so effective as to lead to still further economies and 
a more general diffusion of necessary and useful knowledge. 

Faithfully yours, 

THE AUTHOR. 

TWO COPIES RECEIVED, 







^ 



LV\vjL^>^ 



PREFACE. 

The improved method of teaching- Shorthand by furnishing 
progressively graded object-lessons of convenient length, com- 
posed of correctly engraved words, *frases and sentences, in 
Shorthand, classified and arranged in groups illustrating the 
principles of writing- and abbreviation, by which there is pre- 
sented to the learner's eye what he is to do and how he is to 
do it, and from which he may acquire the art in the natural 
way of learning-, by imitation, and fix the principles in mind 
by persistent, practice drill from dictation, first used by the 
author in lesson form in 1883-4 and published in book form in 
The Amanuensis in 1885, has met with such general and con- 
tinued favor from both teachers and students, and produced 
such wonderful and satisfactory time- and labor-saving results, 
never before attained, that we have been influenced to ar- 
range and publish this new book on the same general plan, but 
differing somewhat, and it is believed for the better, in mate- 
rial and arrangement. It is believed that in this newer form 
the advantages of the art will be brought within the reach of 
a still larger number of persons, facilitating, as it does, to a 
greater extent its acquisition thru mail instruction and pri- 
vate study. 

We all learn mechanical operations more readily and exactly 
by "seeing how it is done"' than in any other way. In the mas- 
tery of Shorthand the mental process of fixing the correct 
forms for the words and frases in the mind must be supple- 
mented by the mechanical process of forming them with pen 
or pencil. To get the best results the study and practice must 
be carried along simultaneously; the learner must think, speak 
or hear the word, see its form and write it at the same time. 
This is the method followed out in this book. The principles 
of writing and abbreviation are illustrated and taught by some 
over five thousand of the most frequently occurring words, 
frases and sentences involving such principles. These well 

*Some of the most outrageous and indefensible, all are indefensible, violations of or- 
thografy are changed for the better thruout this book, in the interests of economy and 
good sense. 

(3) 



4 BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 

mastered by thoro practice will give the writer a working- vo- 
cabulary sufficiently large for ordinary purposes and enable 
him to readily form from analogy such infrequent words, not 
given in the lessons, as may occur in his writing. 

The learner is not required to master two or more forms for 
the same word, a long form to be afterward superseded by a 
shorter one. A given word occurs but once in the Lessons, and 
then in the form the writer is to permanently use it. 

The word-signs are given, a few with each Lesson, in the con- 
nection where they naturally belong, so they will be the more 
readily understood and their gradual mastery not feel burden- 
some to the learner. 

Accompanying each Lesson is a specially arranged Writing 
and Reading Exercise, the sentences of which are composed 
solely of words already given in the Lessons, or which may be 
written by the principles there illustrated, and, for the most 
part, are expressions of frequent occurrence in business let- 
ters, papers, etc. They are extensive exercises in English as 
it is used in business, which differs considerably from the lan- 
guage as taught in schools and spoken at home by the learner, 
but which the writer must be familiar with in order to do work 
intelligently and well. 

A few specially shortened f rases are given with each Lesson. 
The ordinary frases, made by joining together the associated 
words without further abbreviation of form, will be found scat- 
tered thruout the Exercises, so the learner will become famil- 
iar with their use without special drill, thus economizing time, 
work and space. 

With this presentation of the subject the learner is encour- 
aged by the fact that he begins to write and read his Short- 
hand in the form of words, frases and sentences, in and from 
the first day and lesson of his study as he will write and read 
it at the end of his course. This is an important feature, not 
possible with other systems and methods of instruction, owing 
to their complexities, and rendered feasible here only by the 
simplicity of the system presented and the direct, straight- 
forward, common-sense method of furnishing the material for 
instruction and practice. 

Concise Explanations of Principles, in common type, will be 
found at the beginning of each Lesson. A key, in common 



BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 5 

type, to the shorthand part of each Lesson, helpful to most 
students, is given on the page opposite the Lesson. 

The words and f rases of the Writing and Reading- Exercises 
having - been already illustrated and explained, a key is not 
necessary to enable the attentive student to readily and cor- 
rectly read the sentences of which the}' are composed. To 
read them without a key will be found to be a healthy, stimu- 
lating and interesting exercise, and furnish a test of the stu- 
dent's thoroness in the mastery and retention of the principles. 

To the teacher the Lessons as given offer these advantages: 

The certainty of furnishing not only the most satisfactory 
system of swift writing to the comparatively few who want 
to make a professional use of the art for their support, but, 
in addition, the ability to offer an unequaled educational and 
writing facility to every other intelligent person in the com- 
munity who needs such an aid in his daily work. Your field is 
vastly enlarged: you have something of value to offer and 
teach every person: 

A method of teaching that is time- and labor-saving to the 
highest degree, as well as encouraging and satisfactory to all 
concerned, because substantial progress can be seen each day: 

Entire relief from the wasteful and vexatious drudgery of 
correcting mistakes in a learner's written exercises. With 
these Lessons the learner need not make any mistakes, or 
have any to correct — teaching with them is made a pleasure: 

Relieved of this useless burden of correction of exercises, 
there is practically no limit to the size of a class which may 
be expeditiously and successfully conducted by a teacher — a 
hundred may be taught as effectively as five. 

To the learner these Lessons insure: 

A method of writing correct, rapid and legible, and uniform 
with that of other writers, thus enabling users of the system ^ 
to read the writing of others — a vitally important quality in 
a system of writing: 

The entire saving of the time and labor of preparing- exer- 
cises for correction, delay involved in making corrections and 
the subsequent substitution of correct forms from the cor- 
rected exercise — all a mass of vexatious and needless work. 
With these Lessons all study and drill are put upon the mas- 
tery of words, frases and sentences in their correct form, and 



6 BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 

as they will be permanently used. The learner is shown just 
what to do and how to do it, hence time and labor are econo- 
mized and utilized to the fullest extent; 

The certainty of being- able to fit oneself to do the highest 
grade of shorthand work with the expenditure of but a frac- 
tion of the time and labor necessary to reach a moderate de- 
gree of efficiency in other systems or with other methods of 
instruction; 

The certainty that time, labor and money will not be thrown 
away upon the study for lack of ability to learn and use it; for 
if a professional use is not made of it, it may be used advan- 
tageously in the private and social business of the writer. 
There is no chance for failure or loss with this system. 

Upon the suggestion of Mr. J. C. Powell, an experienced 
teacher of Kansas City, a series of Supplementary Exercises 
have been added, commencing- on page 55 and continuing to 
page 153. The words in these Exercises are arranged under 
the various principles of writing and abbreviation and add 
some 5,000 words to the student's vocabulary. The Exercises 
should be prepared as directed on page 55, paragraf 1. The 
best time to take up these Exercises is on the first general re- 
view of the Lessons, and with some students it may be better 
to divide the Exercises, writing up half of each Exercise on 
the first and half on the second review of the Lessons. 

The preparation of these Exercises gives the student a chance 
to exercise his skill in the construction of word-forms and cul- 
tivate his self-reliance; it also furnishes a test of the thoro- 
ness with which the principles have been mastered and affords 
the teacher a chance to explain and illustrate more fully such 
principles as seem to be imperfectly understood. 

This arrangement also permits of dividing the instruction 
into a short course covering the thirty Shorthand Lessons and 
accompanying Writing and Reading Exercises, about 5,000 
words and frases, sufficient for ordinary amanuensis work, and 
which may be preferred by some because of the comparatively 
short time necessary for its acquisition, and a long course cov- 
ering all the instruction and practice in the short course with 
the Supplementary Exercises, about 5,000 words, added. This 
furnishes a basis sufficiently broad, with the few special words 
and frases required, for any kind of amanuensis or reportorial 
work. 



CONTENTS. 

Pages. 

Preface 3 to 6 

General Directions for Study and Practice with 

Alf abet and instructions for learning- it .... 9 to 26 
Lesson 1, words of one consonant followed by a 

vowel, also giving- the character for wh (hw) 27 to 30 
Lesson 2, words commencing - with a vowel followed 

by a consonant, also the circle for s and z ... 31 to 3-4 
Lesson 3, e as in key and % as in pin between conso- 
nants, also rules for writing- disjoined vowels 35 to 38 
Lesson 4. a in game and e in pen between consonants 39 to 42 
Lesson 5, a in park and a in cap between consonants 43 to 46 
Lesson 6, o in home and u in cup between consonants 47 to 50 
Lesson 7, oo in boom, oo in cook, a in tall and o in hot 

between consonants 51 to 54 

Lesson 8, % in like, ew in few, oi in toil and ow in town 

between consonants, also Supplement'y Ex. 
Lesson 9, r-hook series, " " " 

Lesson 10, " " continued, " " 

Lesson 11, l-hook series, " " 

Lesson 12, " " continued, " " 

Lesson 13, s series consonant difth's, " " 

Lesson 14, circle for s and z bet ? n consonants, " 
Lesson 15, " " " " 

Lesson 16, the consonant trif thong's spr, scr and 

str, loop for kst and circle in Jiooks, " 9 87 to 90 

Lesson 17, circle in vowels, double circle and 



1 55 


to 58 


2 59 


to 62 


3 63 


to 66 


4 67 


to 70 


5 71 


to 74 


6 75 


to 78 


7 79 


to 82 


8 83 


to 86 



final circle for nee, ness. 




" 10 91 to 94 


Lesson 18, halved consonants implying 


t, 


" 11 95 to 98 


Lesson 19, " " " 


cont'd 


; ' 12 99 to 102 


Lesson 20, " " ' i; 


d, 


" 13 103 to 106 


Lesson 21, " hooked const's " 


nd, nt, 


" 14 107 to 110 


Lesson 22, double length :; " 


tr, cli\ 


" 15 111 to 114 

(7) 



8 



BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 



Lesson 23, n, une, one hooks, shaded w for w rd, Ex. 16 115 to 118 
Lesson 24, brief methods of writing- dw, tw, nj, 

qu {kw) qur, qui, prf and prv, " 17 119 to 122 

Lesson 25, the prefixes com, con, magni, magna, " 18 123 to 126 
Lesson 26, " " im, in, ad and trans, " 19 127 to 130 

Lesson 27 shows how to write the affix ation, " 20 131 to 134 
Lesson 28 shows how to write other words end- 
ing with shn, kshn, bility and ship, " 21 135 to 138 
Lesson 29, names of Towns and Cities, " 22 139 to 142 
Lesson 30, names of days and months, of States 

and Countries and of Ex. and R. R. Go's, " 23 143 to 146 

Supplementary Exercise 24 147 

" " 25 149 

" " 26 151 

" " 27 153 

Writing- and Reading Exercise 31 148 

32 150 

" " 33 152 

34 154 

Banking Letters 155 

Wholesale Hardware Letters 156 

Grocery " 157 

General Freight Office Letters 158 

" Passenger" " 159 



AMERICAN VMtifllli SHORTHAND. 



(LIHOSLErS UKIGRAFY.) 




>0'«' /' Oo—b\'7 at/ 

CtpyrigMtd 1892, by D. KiwAaO. 



GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR STUDY AND PRACTICE. 

1. Materials required. No special materials are required by 
the learner or writer of Business Shorthand. The best in- 
strument with which to write Shorthand is a good, elastic, fine- 
pointed pen, either steel or gold, as best suits the hand of the 
writer. If a suitable fountain pen can be obtained it will ob- 
viate the trouble and waste of time in dipping- for ink. Free- 
flowing-, non-corrosive ink should be used. A worn-out, type- 
writer ribbon put in water will make good ink for this purpose. 
Paper for pen writing should be of fair quality, well calen- 
dered, cut to convenient size and put up in blocks. If a pen- 
cil is used in practice and writing, it should be of medium 
hardness and of good quality. The pencil need not be sharp- 
ened to a fine point. The whole of the lead may be used if, 
when it becomes worn too broad, the pencil is slightly turned 
so as to bring to the paper the sharp edge between the flaflP 
worn surface and the natural curved one.. A soft pencil re- 
quires hard paper, a hard pencil a soft, uncalendered paper. 
Good work depends much upon good materials and the proper 
adaptation of pencil and paper. The paper may be ruled or 
unruled, according to the preference of the writer. The leg- 
ibility of the writing does not depend upon position with ref- 
erence to a line. Upon commencing work the ordinary, re- 
porters note-books will be found most convenient. 

2. Position for writing. An easy, unconstrained position, 
erect and with the right side turned toward the desk or table, 
so that the right arm may rest easily upon it, is best. Do not 
lean any of the weight of the body upon the writing arm or 
against the table. 

3. How to use the hand. The hand should assume its easiest 
position on the table, the position it would take naturally if 
dropped upon the table in a moment of rest, without thot or 
restraint, the knuckle of the fore-finger uppermost, the third 
and fourth fingers curved under the palm to form an elastic 
support to the hand and steady its movement across the paper. 
The wrist should be slightly raised, so that the hand may move 

(9) 



10 



BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 



freely. The pen or pencil should be lightly grasped between 
the first and second fingers and thumb, as shown in the cut. 




PROPER POSITION OF HAND AND PEN. 

The pen-holder should point well to the right and the pen 
be so held that its points will press evenly upon the paper. 
That position is correct which will admit of making the letters 

I « 5 **s* > without turning the pen between the fingers. 

There should be little or no movement of the fingers or wrist 
in writing; and the hand must be trained to run very lightly, 
the pen just touching the paper to form the light lines and 
only a slight pressure given to form the shaded letters. 

4. The use of the arm. The entire weight of the arm should 
rest on the table upon the full, muscular part near the elbow, 
in such a way as to allow of an easy, rolling motion, and serve 
as a pivot from which the hand may easily sweep the full 
length of a line across the page without raising the arm or 
sliding or hitching it along on the table. Avoid writing with 
the hand and arm near the body, the elbow at an acute angle. 
Such a position is too constrained for an easy, rapid move- 
ment of the hand. Let the arm be away from the body, the 
elbow well open and at an obtuse angle, so that the movement 
may be free and unobstructed. The propelling force used in 
writing should come entirely from the large, strong muscles 
above the elbow, which can stand the strain of long writing 
without fatigue. A free, confident, dashing movement must 
be cultivated; at the same time the arm and hand must be 



BUSINESS SHORTHAND 11 

kept closely and rigidly under control of the will and made to 
do their work properly. 

5. Consonants. The twenty-four consonant letters given in 
the Alf abet, represent the elementary sounds of the language 
which require some movement or contact of the vocal organs 
to utter them. For the most part they are sounds which can 
not be heard at a distance, have not much volume or strength 
in their utterance, and still are to words what the bones are 
to the body — they form the frame-work, the skeletons of the 
words. 

6. Three important distinctions must be observed in making 
the consonant letters: 

SHAPE — making the letters straight, curved or hooked; 
SHADING — making the letters light or heavy, and 
DIRECTION— making the letters perpendicular, inclined or 
horizontal. 

- 7. The difference in shading- of the consonant letters and 
their arrangement in pairs and groups in the Alf abet, illus- 
trate important fonetic features of the language. By pro- 
nouncing any two of the words illustrating the paired conso- 
nant sounds (except n-ng) it will be noticed that the move- 
ment of the vocal organs is precisely the same with both, the 
only difference between them being the degree of emfasis or 
stress with which the sounds are spoken. They are really not 
two sounds but varieties of the same sound. Obviously it is 
natural and proper that the letters which represent these 
paired sounds should differ to the eye as the sounds they rep- 
resent differ to the ear; so the whispered sound is represented 
by a light-line letter, the spoken sound by a letter of the same 
shape and direction, but shaded to express to the eye the em- 
fasis used in speaking the sound it represents. 

8. The first six straight letters represent sounds which are 
abrupt, that can not be prolonged in speaking: the curved let- 
ters represent sounds which are more flexible and capable of 
some prolongation, while the hooked letters (except./ and ch) 
represent unpaired, semi-vocal, consonant sounds. 

9. The movement which makes the perpendicular letters is 
the most wasteful and difficult. In this Alf abet the least fre- 
quently occurring sounds are assigned to letters in this direc- 
tion. The movements which make the inclined and horizon- 



U BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 

tal letters are the easier ones and the least wasteful, they be- 
ing- in the direction the hand must move in writing- a line from 
left to rig-ht across the pag-e, and in this direction will be found 
all the letters representing the most frequently occurring-, 
consonant sounds. The result is an easily executed, running 
script which follows the line as closely as the common long- 
hand, and has the least possible waste movement in its execu- 
tion. This means for the user of the system the least labor 
and utmost economy in learning and writing, and, as a neces- 
sary consequence, the highest speed. In this Alfabet all the 
simple, elementary sounds of the language are represented by 
the simplest straight lines and curves, so that a single impulse 
of the voice is recorded by a single movement of the hand. 

10. Vowels. These letters represent the sounds produced by 
the unobstructed voice, without movement or contact of the 
vocal organs. The long vowel sounds are the principal ones 
used in singing, speaking to a person at a distance and in pro- 
longing or modifying the voice. The short vowels are little, 
forcible explosions of sound; they can not be lengthened or 
otherwise modified, any attempt to do this merges them into 
other sounds. The dif thongs are composed of a long, elemen- 
tary vowel sound, followed by a short one, spoken quickly and 
uninterruptedly together. Because of their frequency, let- 
ters, separate and distinctive in form, are used to represent 
the double sounds instead of using the two simple letters. In 
rapid conversation the long vowels merge toward if not act- 
ually into the shorter sounds, while in very slow speech the 
short vowels merge toward or change into the long sounds. 
Vowels are the elastic property of speech; they are to words 
what the flesh is to the body, they clothe, round out and give 
form and volume to them, and furnish means of distinction to 
the consonant skeletons, thus forming the perfect word. 

11. In this system the vowels are all distinguished by form 
and may be joined to the consonants and to each other, so 
that the letters of a word are written connectedly and contin- 
uously in their natural order, as the sounds are spoken; thus 
avoiding the double analysis of words, once for consonants and 
once for vowels, and the slow accompanying process of writ- 
ing them in several pieces, necessary in writing disjoined- 
vowel, ''position'' systems, if the words are fully written, as 
each must be to be absolutely legible by itself. 



BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 13 

12. How to learn the Alfabet. The sound of the shorthand 
letter is shown by the heavy-faced letter or letters in the "key 
word" opposite such shorthand letter in the Alfabet. Care- 
fully analyze these key words by pronouncing - them so slowly 
that you are able to separate and distinguish the sounds. Se- 
lect the sound represented by the letter under consideration 
and pronounce it over and over until it is clearly understood 
and readily distinguished from other sounds. When you have 
mastered the sounds in this way, take up the letters represent- 
ing - them, one by one, in pairs and in groups of four and six, 
and write them over and over hundreds of times, if necessary, 
to thoroly commit them to memory. Think or speak the sound 
as you make the letter, so as to fix and ally together in your 
mind the sound, the letter representing- the sound and the 
movement that makes the letter. Be careful to observe the 
shape, shading and direction of the letters. Control your 
hand by your will and train it to exactness in these matters. 
Do not draw the letters slowly or permit pen or pencil to come 
to a full stop on the paper at the end of a letter. If this is 
done the practice degenerates into a succession of starts and 
stops, a very fatiguing and discouraging operation. Keep the 
pen moving, is the true doctrine. This is best done by the so- 
called "muscular movement" of the arm, the same as is used 
by the best longhand writers, as easy, confident and swinging 
a use of the hand in writing as in any other manual work, but 
the hand must be kept well under control lest this free move- 
ment results in making the letters too large. The use of this 
free movement not only gives greater ease and speed in writ- 
ing but prevents "steel-pen paralysis." At the end of the 
straight letters, b and p, the pen should leave the paper with 
a slight thrust against the muscle of the arm, the recoil of 
which starts the next letter, a little added impulse finishes the 
letter and supplies the needed impetus for the second thrust 
and recoil, and so on. The inclined and horizontal straight 
letters are made with a swinging, easy motion to the right 
with only a slight break, no stop, of movement between them. 
The curved letters are small sections of an ellipse, the line 
being curved just enuf to distinguish it from a straight line. 
In making the curved letters the movement should be the same 
that is used by the writer of longhand when striking an oval 



U BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 

and making" the pen follow the same oval in succeeding move- 
ments, as in making - "birds-nests." If the letters are made 
separately, let the pen be moving when it touches the paper 
at the beginning- of the letter, moving when it leaves the pa- 
per at the finish of the letter, continuing around the oval off 
the paper to the commencement of the next letter, and so on. 
A slight pressure as the pen goes toward the middle of the 
curve and a lightening of the pressure as the pen goes toward 
the finish, will form all the shading needed for the shaded 
curves. Care should be taken in forming these curved letters 
that the pen should touch and leave the paper at the proper 
time, so the direction will be such that a straight line drawn 
from point to point of the curve shall show the proper per- 
pendicular, inclined or horizontal direction of the curve. 
The curve-movement in the direction the hands of a clock 
move, forms ve, ef, ze, es, THE, ith, ma and el, while the reverse 
movement forms zhe, isli, THA, tlia, en, ing, la, em and ya. 
These two movements form all the curved letters. When 
practicing upon the perpendicular curves, ve, ef, zhe and ish, 
two or three may be joined together if desired; three are as 
many as can be conveniently joined together in a perpendic- 
ular direction. The inclined and horizontal curves, having 
the forward direction, should be joined together in an unbro- 
ken line across the page. The movement which does this is 
easier and more natural, the hand becomes accustomed to 
joining letters, as it must in writing words and frases, is more 
easily controlled and there is no waste movement. 

13. The learner will probably find the most difficulty in mak- 
ing the hooked letters, for the reason that his hand being ad- 
justed to longhand, which is coarse in comparison, there will 
be an instinctive feeling while the shorthand letter is being 
made that there is not enuf work being done to make a letter, 
and this feeling will take the form of making the letters too 
large. The mind and hand must be re-adjusted to the small 
amount of movement necessary to write letters and words in 
this way. What is saved from size and complexity of letters 
should be utilized, with accuracy and celerity of movement, 
in work that is useful. The hook of the letter should be made 
very small, a movement just perceptible to the most delicate 
touch is sufficient to form it, and the stem of the letters should 
be made down as near the horizontal as possible and not be 



BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 15 

m 

mistaken for horizontal characters. A very small hook fol- 
lowed by a slight curve forms the ya. A reciprocating- move- 
ment forms the wa. It is best acquired by joining several of 
the letters together, coming back on the stem of the first to 
form the hook of the second. The offset to form the hook is 
very slight, and the hand should be held under strict control to 
make the stem straight. In forming the ha, let the first part 
of the hook be made with a backward (to the left) movement, 
parallel to the line of writing or a little inclined upward; the 
stem of the letter should be made straight and down near the 
horizontal. The best practice in learning to make the letter- 
is to join several together, forming the hook of the second by 
retracing on, followed by a slightly curved offset from, the 
stem of the first. The movements which form the ja and cha 
need no explanation; a careful inspection of the forms of the 
letters will at once suggest the movements which most read- 
ily form them. 

14. How letters are joined. Be, pe, ga, ka, de and te are doub- 
led by making the characters twice the length of the single 
letters. When so doubled the first half of be, pe, ga and lea are 
written above the line, the second half a continuation of the 
character below the line The letters ra-ra, iva-ra and ha-ra. 
joined, commence on the line and are written wholly above it. 
When a shaded, straight consonant is to be joined to a light, 
straight consonant in the same direction, as be-pe, ga-ka, de-te. 
begin the character with sufficient pressure to make the re- 
quired shade, gradually lessen the pressure as the movement 
progresses, and let the elasticity of the pen form the tapering 
line needed. Do not allow the pen to stop on the paper at the 
finish of the light stroke, but quickly raise and carry it for- 
ward to the next letter. When a light, straight letter is to 
be followed by a shaded, straight letter in the same direction, 
as pe-be. ka-ga, te-de, cha-de, let the pen be moving swiftly when 
it touches the paper, gradually increase the pressure to form 
the tapering line and finish up the shaded stroke with the pen 
on the paper. Where two letters, either two straight lines, 
a straight line and a curve, or two curves, join without an an- 
gle, no pause should be made between them; both letters 
should be made as one stroke and as swiftly as possible. Be- 
tween straight lines that join at an angle, acute angles are 
easiest made, then right and lastly obtuse. Joinings between 
straight letters should be made at acute angles when possible. 



16 



BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 



ALP ABET OF TAKIGRAPY. 



Letter. 



Name. Key Word. 

be b as in bib 



CONSONANTS. 

Letter. Name 



LONG 

n 
C 





s 
/ 

V 
A 



pe p 

g-a g 

ka k 

de d 

te t 

ve v 

ef f 

zhe s 

ish sh 

ze z 

es s 

Name. 



pip 

gig 

kick 

did 

tat 

vivid 

fife 

vision 

show 

zigzag 

souse 



Key Word 

the th as in this 
ith th " thin 
em m 



en n 

ing- ng- 

el 1 

ra r 

ya y 

wa w 

ha h 



maim 
noon 
sing- 
lull 
roar 
you 
way 
hay 



ja yg " judge 
cha ch " church 



e 

a a 

ah a 

00 o 

o o 

au a 



Key Word. 

e as in me 



VOWELS. 

SHORT. Name 



Key Word 

i i-y as in pity 



ag-e 

far 

do 

no 

fall 



a a, ai 

u u 

u u 

o o 



beg- 
at, air 
full 
cut 



DIFTHONGS. 



i as in ice 



/^ oi oi as in oil 



ew ew 



dew 



owl 



Copyrig-hted in 1898 by D. Kimball. 



BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 17 

EXPLANATIONS. 

The letters THE, ith, es, ze, o and u \, . v_ o o I i 

have alternate forms, as shown in cut: THA tha es ze o u 
This choice in letters enables the writer to make better join- 
ings and more easily written word-forms. 

The following letters are always made downward: 

I I W ) ) ( ( ~N^ V_^ C c X s 

The following letters are always made from left to right: 



uu— -V/A/--/ 



These letters are always made upward, 
the hook made first* 

These letters are made 
either upward or down* J - / 

ward, the direction being ^ f — ' J ^^ / I I / / 
used which will secure the better angle or joining with a pre- 
ceding or following letter. Properly and skilfully used these 
variable and alternate letters serve to keep the writing near 
the line, and aid in furnishing facile joinings between letters 
and easily flowing outlines to words. When these letters are 
written downward the angle of inclination is steeper than 
when written upward. The hand takes this steeper direction 
naturally; no special drill is required to master it. 

Names of letters. When speaking of a consonant letter a 
vowel is usually associated with it to form an easily spoken 
syllable-name, as shown in the Alfabet under "name." These 
names should not be taken for the sounds of the letters; while 
they contain the sound of the letter the associated vowel is, 
of course, no part of that sound. The sound of the vowel is 
used as its name also, as it is easily spoken without the assist- 
ance of any other sound. 

When written with the curve downward, the alternate char- 
acters for the and ith are named THA and tha, as shown above, 
as a means of distinguishing them from the characters when 
written with the curve upward, which are known by the names 
given in the Alfabet. For the same purpose em, el and ar are 
given these names when written downward, and are named 
ma, la and ra when written upward. 



18 BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 

For illustrations of joining's of letters, in the order mentioned 
in paragraf 14, page 15, see lines one to seven of page 19. In 
writing - , the free use of the joined vowels between consonants 
will relieve obtuse angles in nearly every instance, making 
the writing- easier of execution and adding- to its legibility. 

There should be an angle between two curves which face 
the same way, the chords of which would, if joined, form an 
obtuse angle, as shown in line eight, opposite; but where the 
joining of the chords of two facing curves would form a right 
angle or less than a right angle, there should be no angle be- 
tween the curves, they are both made with one stroke. See 
line four, opposite page. 

Between curves the joinings are easiest made where both 
curves face the same way, that is, are both made with the 
hand moving in the same direction, as do those illustrated in 
lines four, and eight to twelve of opposite page. The least 
facile, and the least frequent, are the opposing curves, those 
requiring a change in the direction of the hand between them, 
like those illustrated in line thirteen of opposite page The 
opposing curves shown in lines fourteen and fifteen, having 
no angle between them, are as easily made as are the facing 
curves. By a proper use of the variable letters the skillful 
writer will secure facile forms in nearly every word. 

15. How to spell, write and read Business Shorthand. The 
spelling of words in Shorthand is very easy: simply pronounce 
them so slowly as to separate their elementary sounds. If 
you can pronounce a word correctly you can spell it correctly. 
For exercises in spelling take up the simple, fully written words 
in the shorthand part of the Lessons and spell (pronounce) 
them as directed above, seeing and associating together the 
sounds and the letters which represent them. The process is 
so simple that a very little practice will enable you to spell 
correctly any word you can pronounce correctly. Pay no at- 
tention to the letters used in spelling the words in the ordin- 
ary dictionary spellings; in them the letters are used in so ca- 
pricious and disorderly a way that no dependence can be placed 
upon them as a guide to pronunciation. Having in this sim- 
ple, easy and natural way arrived at the sounds in a word, you 
will find in the Alf abet an appropriate letter to represent each 
of these plainly spoken, easily recognized, elementary sounds. 
Join in their proper order, as spelled, the letters representing 



a 



Jo ^ - 



1(> 



3 ^ ") 


"^ 


«c 


c 


1 


s. l^ 


> 


~7 


4L- 


L_ 


^ 


?k 


k 


"1 


y 


1 1 


,j 


i 


^ 



^ — __ U U Ly 

>w ^ v ~> ^ V k 

^1 ^7 -7 <-1 "z 7 *"1 "V 



0, 



//. 






/v 



« 




U 1^ 



20 BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 

these sounds, already learned from the Alfabet, and the writ- 
ing- is done according to the principles of the simple, fully writ- 
ten style of the system. This is the style of the art from which 
children and others can most readily learn the fonetic analy- 
sis and synthesis of the language, and acquire a correct pro- 
nunciation of words, a most important educational accom- 
plishment. The reading consists simply in speaking more 
quickly than in spelling, the sounds as you see them pictured 
by the letters in the written word. If the word is fully and 
properly written, the letters are a sure guide to a correct 
pronunciation. 

Thus it will be seen that the two great difficulties in the way 
of an easy and rapid acquisition of the English language — the 
correct spelling and pronunciation of words — are entirely over 
come, the time and labor necessary to devote to both are re- 
duced to a minimum, and the whole process put in so simple a 
form that a child can easily comprehend and master it, and 
that, too, in a fraction of the time now necessarily devoted 
to gaining an imperfect knowledge of the language in its ob- 
scure and complicated garb, as now presented, resulting in a 
more intimate acquaintance with the spirit of the language, 
a correctness in the pronunciation of words, a lightening of 
the burden on the memory and a great saving of time that 
can be devoted to other useful studies and pursuits, now be- 
yond the student's reach in the limited time that can be given 
to school studies. It is the easiest, quickest and best way 
that a foreigner can correctly and thoroly master the language 

16. How to master the Lessons. The words, frases and sen- 
tences in the Lessons are formed with much care and accur 
racy. First read over all the words in the Lesson; in case oi ! 
doubt as to what the word is prompt yourself by reference to 
the key on opposite page, so as to be sure of the word and not 
waste time in unprofitable guessing, but first make an earnest 
effort to read the word without recourse to the key. Study 
the forms of the words, frases and sentences minutely and 
carefully until every part of them is fully understood and an 
accurate picture of them is impressed on your mind. Be sure 
you know just what kind of movements make each word- 
there is a reason why they are made as they are: think out 
and understand this reason why. 

With pen or pencil trace the forms of the words, frases and 



BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 21 

sentences thru a few times slowly until the movement of the 
hand in making- them is well understood, then accelerate the 
movement gradually, crowding the speed to the highest point 
consistent with accuracy of outline, until the forms are well 
mastered. You will know when this point is reached, for your 
hand will then swiftly glide thru the forms without hesitation 
or conscious mental or fysical effort. 

Do not allow yourself to form the bad habit of drawing the 
words or writing them slowly, except at first, as directed above, 
but accustom yourself from the first to writing- the words, 
frases and sentences with the utmost swiftness of which you 
are capable. Get upon the upper plain of swift movement as 
soon as possible and keep there. Keep constantly in view the 
fact that you must write swiftly, like a flash, to make the 
highest success with Shorthand for business purposes. This 
you are aided to the fullest extent in doing by being- provided 
in the Lessons and Exercises with the most facile forms for 
the writing you are to do, and seeing constantly before you 
just how they are to be written, so there need be no experi- 
menting, hesitating or writing words, frases and sentences in 
different or erroneous ways. 

While you are drilling upon the words in the Lessons, which 
show you what to do and how to do it, the theory upon which 
the art is based and its application to the words under con- 
sideration should be carefully studied and understood, so that 
other words, involving similar principles in their construc- 
tion, not given in the Lessons, may be written from analogy. 
This theory is simplicity itself —the representation of the ele- 
mentary sounds of the language by the simplest appropriate 
lines, joined together in the order the sounds are spoken, to 
form the words. There is nothing obscure or difficult in the 
study, but considerable drill is necessary to train the fingers 
to form and join the characters easily and swiftly and give 
the writer that complete confidence in himself which will en- 
able him to do his best. This absolute confidence in self and 
control of the hand can only be acquired by persistent drill 
under intelligent and forceful exercise of the will until the 
mind is educated and convinced of its power to execute. 

Practice upon the words in a Lesson until you can write 
them easily as fast as fifty in a minute, then, with the Lesson 
before you, so you can see the forms of the words as they are 



n BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

spoken, have them dictated to you for additional practice. 
The dictator should pronounce each word or frase three or 
more times to accommodate, those who write at different rates 
of speed, if dictating- to a class, and to more thoroly fix the 
word and frase forms in the mind of the learner. The dicta- 
tion should be done a little faster than the writer can easily 
write, so there shall be a constant incentive to faster writing - . 
During- this dictation, as well as at other times, the student's 
mind should be actively and energetically concentrated upon 
mastering - and committing - the principles of writing - and abbre- 
viation, as well as the forms of the words illustrating them, 
so that as soon as possible the words, f rases and sentences 
may be correctly written without the aid of the book. 

In this way all the processes employed in the mastery of 
Shorthand — the training - of the ear to catch the words, the 
association of the sounds with the letters which represent 
them, the fixing - of correct forms in the mind, the elimination 
of hesitancy by having - the forms before the learner, accuracy 
and uniformity in the training - of the hand, and speed of move- 
ment — are carried along - simultaneously; the ear, eye and 
hand are trained to work harmoniously and in unison — the 
word-path thru the ears to and off the fingers is cleared of ob- 
structions in the most thoro and expeditious manner. 

The Lessons should be reviewed and practiced upon until 
they can be written thru easily at the rate of a hundred words 
to the minute, and the Writing - and Reading Exercises until 
they can be written at one hundred and twenty, and upward. 
There is practically no limit to the speed that may be acquired 
by practice except that of adaptation of the writer to accu- 
rate and swift movement. Of course speed will vary with dif- 
ferent persons, and with the same person at different times, 
but all can reach workable efficiency if industrious and perse- 
vering. 

In most cases only root words could be given in the Lessons. 
After the Lesson has been mastered, the practice may be va- 
ried by dictating derivatives, allied and compound words. 
This excellent practice will give the learner skill in applying 
the principles of writing, enlarge his working vocabulary and 
cultivate promptness and self-reliance. 

17. No lines are used either in the Lessons or the Writing 
and Reading Exercises, as the writing is just as legible with- 



BUSINESS SHORTHAXD. 23 

out them. However, it is better for the sake of regularity in 
writing*, as in longhand, that it should be done with reference 
to a line, either real or imaginary. Let the first perpendic- 
ular or inclined consonant in a word rest on the line, the other 
letters before or after it falling into their proper positions 
with reference to this controlling letter. An examination of 
the matter on the shorthand pages will show the practice in 
this regard. 

18. Prases. The object of language is to convey ideas from 
one to another. If the instruction in this book stopped with 
showing how words are written it would fall short of the full 
purpose intended, as the dictionary falls short of being liter- 
ature. The "Writing and Reading Exercises show how the 
words introduced are used in f rases and sentences to convey 
intelligence to another 

ft is onry while the pen or pencil is moving on the paper 
that it is doing anything which can be read. Liftings of the 
pen or pencil, waste movements which consume time and effort 
and produce nothing which can be read, should be reduced to 
the least possible number, in the interests of speed and to save 
work. 

As we associate and join together sounds to form s3 T llables, 
and syllables to form words, so we can properly extend this as- 
sociation in writing as we do in speaking, by joining together 
words that are intimately associated in sense, into what we 
call f rases. These f rases should be composed only of words 
that are spoken together as the syllables of a word are spoken, 
with no pause of any kind between them, and the forms of 
which join readily and easily with each other. 

When words are written separately there is a waste stroke 
to each word, between it and the word following. If words 
average two strokes apiece and the pen is raised from the pa- 
per after each to go to the next word, then one third of the 
writing time and effort is wasted: if written in frases there is 
no waste stroke between words, the labor of writing is lessened 
and more fully utilized. 

The writing should indicate as closely as possible the man- 
ner of speaking. If words are written separately, with a waste 
stroke between them, it has the same effect upon the eye of 
the reader as there is upon the ear of the listener if the same 
frase or sentence is spoken with a pause between the words. 



U BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

This is not the natural manner of speaking: allied words are 
spoken together continuously as the syllables of a word are 
spoken. One does not speak the frase, "Why do you?" sepa- 
rating- the words, any more than he would separate the sylla- 
bles of the word "con tin ue; 1 ' but speaks both uninterrutedly. 
In Shorthand the writing- should indicate this manner of speak- 
ing- by joining together continuously into a frase the forms of 
the allied words, where practicable. Care should be taken, 
however, not to go to the extreme and try to join into frases 
words not associated in sense, or which have pauses betweer 
them, or the forms of which do not join easily and readily to- 
gether. Except under especially favorable conditions, two or 
three words are enuf to join into a frase, particularly by a be- 
ginner. 

There is no more danger of difficulty in reading matter that 
is properly f rased, as soon as one becomes accustomed to it, 
than there is in being able to understand a person when he 
speaks in this natural and ordinary way; indeed it is easier, 
for it brings the writing and manner of speaking into har- 
mony, each showing the peculiarities of the other. The ease 
and rapidity of the writing, as well as the reading, are both 
greatly enhanced by proper frasing. 

A few specially shortened f rases are given at the beginning 
of each Writing and Reading Exercise. They are to be prac- 
ticed upon and mastered the same as are the word-signs. The 
common f rases made by simply joining associated words to- 
gether without shortening of form, will be found scattered 
thruout the Writing and Reading Exercises, where they will 
be readily understood and mastered without special drill. The 
ability to recognize and form new combinations and frases as 
one writes is a valuable accomplishment and should be culti- 
vated. 

19. Brevity of words. The forms given for words and frases 
are brief enuf for about any work a writer will be called upon 
to do, and at the same time sufficiently definite to be promptly 
and certainly read, not only by the writer but by others famil- 
iar with the system. To reach the best results for yourself, 
for others and for the art that serves you, it is essential that 
correctness and uniformity of writing should be strictly ad- 
hered to. The writing that the writer only can read is of the 
least usefulness; the greatest usefulness is reached when the 



BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 25 

writing- is done so that all can read it. The one is merely a 
collection of crude and arbitrary marks for a narrow, selfish 
and temporary purpose, which from its very nature can serve 
but poorly a small number; the other is a broad, comprehen- 
sive, educational and useful system to supply perfectly all the 
writing" requirements of all the people It should be your 
pride and pleasure, as well as your recognized duty, to aid in 
bringing - about the highest development and widest usefulness 
of the system of writing- that serves you so well. To this end 
be exact and write your words and f rases as given in the Les- 
sons and Exercises, and extend the usefulness of the system 
by commending it to others. 

Special cases will arise wherein a frequently occurring- word 
or frase in a particular kind or piece of work may be further 
shortened. Because of its frequency the fuller form would be 
too burdensome, and because of its frequency the more abbre- 
viated form would be readily read; but these cases should be 
treated as exceptional and the writing- generally be done as it 
is shown in the Lessons. 

20. Test your knowledge of the principles by writing out in 
Shorthand the Lessons from the key on opposite page, with- 
out referring- to the engraved forms of the words; then com- 
pare your forms with those in the shorthand part of the Les- 
son and where you find you have written a word or frase incor- 
rectly, practice upon the correct form until mastered. Fre- 
quent test reviews of this kind, conscientiously done, will soon 
eliminate all incorrect word and frase forms from the writing 
of painstaking- students. 

21. The grouping- of the words and frases, illustrating- the 
principles of writing- and abbreviation, make these Lessons 
of peculiar value as dictation drills for fixing- these principles 
in mind, much superior to miscellaneous matter, tho it may 
not be as interesting - , because of the repetition of such prin- 
ciples in the words and frases. Their practice should, there- 
fore, constitute the greater part of the daily drill of the stu- 
dent until these principles are well fixed in the mind. We 
wish to emfasize the point that these Lessons and Exercises 
can not be practiced upon too much by those who would excel. 
Intelligent, energetic, accurate, persistent practice, practice, 
practice, is the secret of success in Shorthand, as in every- 
thing else; you need not look with any confidence for any sat 



26 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

isfactory degree of efficiency without this thoro drill. 

22. The Writing- and Reading- Exercises supplement the Les- 
sons and complete the instruction by showing- how the words 
shown in the Lessons, and others similarly written, are used 
in f rases and sentences to convey intelligence to another, the 
object of written language. They are also intended as a test 
of the student's thoroness in the mastery of the preceding 
Lesson or Lessons. They contain no words or f rases not al- 
ready introduced, or which may not be written by the princi- 
ples of writing - or abbreviation previously given. If the stu- 
dent can not read these Exercises readily, it means that the 
previous Lessons have not been well mastered and they should 
be reviewed until this difficulty is overcome. 

23. When instruction is gfiven orally, these Writing and 
Reading Exercises should be transcribed with a pen or on a 
writing - machine by the student, and be criticized and cor- 
rected by the teacher before dictation. 

24. When instruction is given by mail, after the Lesson has 
been well mastered, the Writing and Reading Exercise should 
be written out, the Shorthand, and longhand or machine-made 
transcript, on alternate lines, with one or two blank lines fol- 
lowing each pair of Shorthand and longhand lines, and be sent 
to the teacher for criticisms and corrections. 

25. How to find words. The words and f rases in the Lessons 
and Exercises are arranged in groups illustrating the different 
principles of writing and abbreviation which apply in them. 
These principles may be located by reference to the table of 
Contents. If two or more principles apply in a given word, 
the word will be found in the group illustrating the last prin- 
ciple applying in the word or frase; but the thoro student will 
so completely master the Lessons that the form and location 
of every word and frase will be known. 

26. Por convenience of reference the words in the Lessons 
are arranged in numbered lines and lettered columns: thus, 
4-a, will be understood to refer to the first word of line four, 
while 5-a to 6-u, will be understood as referring to all the 
words given between the individual words so designated. The 
lines of the Writing and Reading Exercises are also numbered 
for convenience of reference. 



BUSINESS SHOBTHAKD. 



LESSON 1. 

EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

1. This Lesson shows you how to write words of a single con- 
sonant followed by a single vowel sound. Note that altho in 
the common spelling's of these words there may be several let- 
ters in each, there are but two sounds, and, as in this method 
of writing the sounds only are represented, but two letters 
are used to write each word. 

2. The letter e may be turned in the direction the hands of 
a clock move far enuf to make an easy joining with the pre- 
ceding consonant, as you will see by a careful study of the 
words 1-a to r. Write I downward before e, 1-r. 

3. 1-s, 3-a, 10-a, 11-m — The shading of these vowels implies 
a preceding h. 

4. 1-u to 3-e — A does not vary, but has its opening invaria- 
bly toward the right, as shown. It makes the joining of a 
with la, ra, wa, ya and wha easier if they are made with but a 
slight inclination; if made steep it throws the a around into ah. 

5. The words whey, 3-c, and whoa, 5-n, begin with the conso- 
nant difthong spelled wh but pronounced hw. The h is ex- 
pressed by slightly shading the hook of the w, in analogy with 
the shading of vowels to imply a preceding h. A slight press- 
ure at the beginning of the hook is sufficient to make the shade. 

6. 3-i — Note that ah forms a hook on the end of p, thus en- 
abling the writer to fully express the word with one stroke. 

7. 4-r to 5-n — Note that the vowel o is struck in its inclined 
direction, and 5-o to 6-c the same vowel is struck in its per- 
pendicular direction. This slight change in the direction of 
the vowel is made to facilitate joinings. 

8. Note that to obtain sharp angles au may be struck either 
upward, 6-e, or downward, 6-i to 7-m. 

9. The distinguishing characteristics of the diamond-point- 
ed letters, i, ew, oi and ow, are the points and the directions 
of the points: these must be made definite and preserved. 
The strokes of which the letters are formed may be made 
either straight or curved, to facilitate joining with the con- 
sonant to which it is attached. Compare the words carefully 
and note the modification mentioned. 7-n to 11-m. 



28 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

10. 11-n to 12-u — These words are of such frequent occur- 
rence, scarcely a sentence being - written without the use of 
one or more of them, that it would be burdensome to write the 
whole word, and because they are so frequent they are read- 
ily recognized and read if shortened. The words 11-n to 12-m 
are represented by the consonant letter alone, the vowel ba- 
ing - omitted. 12-n — j^and the last stroke of ow, slig'htly shad- 
ed are used for now, and is represented by n made half-length 
and shaded, 12-o; the is represented by a lig"ht, short tick, ei- 
ther horizontal or perpendicular to facilitate joining - to the 
word after or before it; it should be so joined wherever prac- 
ticable, 12-r; the i with the first stroke shaded is used for the 
word high, under the principle of shading - a vowel to imply a 
preceding - h, and also as a special word-sig-n for why, 12-s, and 
e, unshaded, is used for ye and also for you by some writers, 12-u. 

11. Long- familiarity with the appearance of words on the 
printed pag*e where all are separated, may have so obscured 
the learner's perception of the close association which exists 
between certain words in a sentence, that when presented to 
the eye on the printed pag"e, in their natural grouping's into 
frases, it is, at first, difficult for him to recog-nize the combi- 
nations and become accustomed to the new and natural way 
of writing- and reading - . To remove this difficulty and aid the 
learner to recog-nize these combinations, there are given be- 
low the first two lines of Writing - and Reading - Exercise 1, 
indicating - by the corresponding - common letters the short- 
hand characters employed in writing - the words, and the asso- 
ciation of the words into frases by connecting - such words with 
a hyfen between them. 

1. Hwy-d-y sa-so? Hwy-d-y d-so? Hwy-d-y-g - now? Hwy-d-y 

les the-nu hous? 

2. B-the-wa d-y-no how t ho the-ro I-sho-y? Pa-da. G nd se 

the-nu las boz. 

KEY TO LESSON 1. 

Words in parenthesis are written and pronounced the same as the one immediately 
preceding. 

1. Pea key (quay) tea fee see (sea) me knee lea (lee) he bay. 

2. Pay g"ay day Shay say nay (neig"h) lay ray way (weig"h) yea. 

3. Hay whey jay pa ma ha boo pooh coo Sioux (sou). 

4. New (knew) lieu (loo) woo moo rue shoe (shoo) who bow 

(beau) foe so (sow sew). 



BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 



5. 



7. 



9. 

10. 

11. 



No (know) low row (roe) woe owe (O! oh hoe) whoa Coe (Co.) 

doe (dough) toe (tow) show (shew). 
Mow (Moe) Joe paw caw daw Shaw saw thaw maw gnaw. 
Law raw yaw haw (haugh) jaw die (dye) tie my nigh (Nye) 

lie (lye ley). 
Rye (wry) by (buy bye) pie guy vie fie shy sigh thy thigh. 
Pew cue dew (due) view few sue thew mew Jew chew. 
Hew (hue) coy toy Roy joy boy bow (bough) cow vow sow. 
Thou mow Dow row how be she we they may. 



12. Do to (too two) you go though now and the high (why) ye. 



/ 



a c 



3> c <^- 



e 



c <w n € r- s 
I) S~u O L L \. 



U 



C I (- 



-» i 



I I 



f 



cr-^ 



f V ^A \ \ \ A ^A S-* <=— A 

i/^f S~* 1 ^ * \ ( — v_ 

US. ^^ ->V "V -— 1 W -OTK V 



^v 



<rr 



30. b H 

I Vjj and by \ fy the by L^ 73y ihe rray L^Oajf hjj day 

j, _^y <n i \ / — r^y — * ■/ — ^"/ — e -^ L c - > ' ^ v ^ / 

j ( v c -e J _ n. — y ^— « - -* ^t/v 
(__ ], ^- c-/ C^^ - ^ \/~"~W/ 

y V — - V ^ v — • ^ — 1/ -? 



^. /— ^v \/ —"" •* i^v -*\^ —*- — -y * 



v^— « / 






« 



—>+/\\ ^l/f^^uA/"/ 



BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 31 



LESSON 2. 

EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

1. This Lesson shows how to write words commencing with 
a vowel followed by a consonant, and how plurals of nouns, 
present tenses of verbs and endings of some other words, are 
formed by the addition of a circle for s and 2to a preceding- 
letter. 

2. Attention is called to this law of the language: Two 
spoken sounds, like dz in adds or bd in ebbed, and two whispered 
sounds, like ks in oaks or pt in apt, are spoken easily together; 
but the difficulty in pronouncing a whispered sound after a 
spoken consonant or a spoken sound after a whispered conso- 
nant is so great that they are not so used. 

3. Advantage is taken of this law to use the circle for both 
z and s; the circle reading z on the end of shaded consonants, 
representing spoken sounds, and of m, which, tho represented 
by a light letter, is a spoken sound, and s on the end of light 
consonants which represent whispered sounds. 

4. N, I and r are sounds which may be followed by both whis- 
pered and spoken consonant sounds: so the circle may read 
either z or s on the ends of these letters. Which it is, is usually 
plainly indicated by the nature of the composition, as is the 
case in the common use of ,s for z in the ordinary spellings. 
If greater exactness is required the circle may be shaded for 
z, leaving it light for .s, or the full-stroke, alfabetic letter may 
be used. Usually no distinction is made and no trouble arises 
in reading. 

5. With the exception of the n, I and r, mentioned above, 
when a spoken consonant is followed by a whispered one, or a 
whispered by a spoken consonant, a vowel must be spoken be- 
tween them, the pronunciation of which makes the necessary 
change and adjustment of the vocal organs for the produc- 
tion of the next consonant sound, as in the word ashes, 4-u. 

6. There must be an angle between a vowel and a following 
consonant. If the vowel will not so form an easily made join- 
ing at an angle it must, if written, be disjoined. 

7. Note that o may be written upward before n in own, 6-r. 



32 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

8. 8-r to 13-u show how to write a class of words in which 
two or three vowels occur with one consonant, the vowels join- 
ing - with each other as readily as with consonants, when re- 
quired. In 9-s and a number of words after, a final i-y (i-short) 
is expressed by means of a small hook on the under side of a 
preceding- consonant. In 11-c-e-i the circle is used for z and s 
between vowels. Care should be taken to make these char- 
acters small, exact and neatly, and at the same time preserve 
the distinctions of shape and size. 

9. From 14-a to the end of the Lesson are given frequent 
words that are shortened; their peculiarities should be noted 
and observed in practice, especially the half-length b, n and ill, 
15-r-s-u, which are used for but, not and that. These words 
are introduced here for convenience in making sentences in 
the Writing and Reading Exercises. 



KEY TO LESSON 2. 

1. Eat eats ease ear ears eke eve eaves (Eve's) eel eels. 

2. Ill ills itch Abe Abe's ache aches age ages aim. 

3. Aims (Ames) ail (ale) ails (ales) aid aids ate (eight) ace (a's) 

ebb ebbs egg. 

4. Eggs ell ells (else) edge etch ax add adds (adz) ash ashes. 

5. An (Ann) air (heir) airs (heirs) ooze (whose) us err errs O's 

(oh's owes) oath oaths. 

6. Ore (oar o'er) ores (oars) oak ode (owed) odes oat oats own 

owns awed. 

7. Ought (aught) off awes awls (all's) ox odd odds isle (aisle I'll) 

isles (aisles) ice (eyes ayes). 

8. Ire oil oils ounce owl our (hour) ours (hours) boa bowie buoy. 

9. Bayou obey abbey (abbe Abbie) payee ago ague echo dewy 

(Dewey) Addie Ida. 

10. Ada ado adieu eighty Ettie via avow ivy showy ashy. 

11. Asia easy essay icy Amy Emma anew annoy owing Leo. 

12. Olio illy alley (Allie) oily aloe allay ally alloy allow Ella. 

13. Area array awry arrow airy era Erie aura away iota. 

14. Up it its is am on or (are) issue if in. 

15. At of all as out each any but not that. 



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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 35 



LESSON 3. 

EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

1. In this and following - Lessons the specially shortened 
words are given first; they should be drilled upon until thor- 
oly mastered. Note that the hooks are made large on the 
end of b. 1-e, and g. 1-n. 

2. The words 3-a to 8-n show how e long, as in feel, is writ- 
ten in its full, alfabetic form between consonants. It is made 
large and may be turned in the. direction the hands of a clock 
move far enuf to make the easiest joinings with the consonant 
letters. From some of the commonest words the vowel may 
be omitted. The words are usually legible without the vowel, 
when in a sentence, and it need not be written unless the stu- 
dent distrusts his ability to read readily, in such cases it should 
be written, even if disjoined, as writing- is worthless unless it 
can be certainly read. 

3. In 5-i, 7-u, 8-a and 12-s-u the shaded vowel implies a 
preceding h. 

4. In the words 8-o to 10-u the direction of the preceding 
consonant is such that the vowel is written in the form of a 
larg"e hook on the under side of it. thus enabling the writer to 
fulh' express both consonant and vowel with one stroke. 

5. The words 11-a to 13-c show how /' short, as in big, is writ- 
ten in its full, alfabetic £orm between consonants. This vowel 
should be made small and light: the difference between it and 
the e, above, is in size, the same rules g"overn the writing of 
both. 

<i. In the words 13-e and following, to the end of the Lesson. 
this vowel is written in the form of a small hook on the under 
side of a preceding consonant. It will be noticed that in fish. 
and film. 13-r-s. and in ambitious. 14-n. the vowel hook turns 
so that the opening is upward: but it is the direction in which 
the vowel is written which determines its character and this 
is shown by the direction of the preceding consonant, which 
is fixed. 

7. When vowels are written they should be joined to the con- 
sonants if practicable. There are some cases wherein they 
will not join easily, and still it is desirable that they should be 



36 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

written, even if disjoined. In such cases the disjoined vowel 
should be placed beside and near the end of the consonant in 
the syllable to which it belongs; for instance, in the word bone 
the disjoined o is written above and near the end of the n, 
while in bo-nus the o is written to the right of and beside the b. 
This aids the reader by enabling - him to see the syllabic division 
of such words. Disjoined vowels are written to the left of per- 
pendicular and inclined and above horizontal consonants when 
they are to be read before such consonants, and to the right 
of perpendicular and inclined and below horizontal consonants 
when to be read after them. This explanation with the ex- 
amples in this and following Lessons will make the matter plain 
8. It will be noticed that sometimes the same shorthand 
character is used for more than one word. The words of this 
class are short, very frequent, require a brief sign to repre- 
sent them, and usually being different parts of speech, are 
used so differently in a sentence that no trouble arises from 
this source. 

KEY TO LESSON 3. 

1. Evening either believe (belief before) this (these) been 

' give ignorant dignity different difference. 

2. Figure finish deficient wish his thing (think) will with 

which silver. 

3. Beef beeves beam beans beneath being below beer (bier) 

beech (beach) peep. 

4. Piece (peace peas) appease piano peel (peal) appeal peer 

(pier) appear peach (pitch) gear team (teem). 

5. Tiers (tears tierce) teach deem adhere deny veal fever 

feel fears (fierce) sheep. 

6. Sheath sheer (shear) zero seed (cede) seer (sear sere cere) 

theme mere leap league leak (leek). 

7. Leave (lieve) leaf (lief) lean (lien) need (knead) neat ream 

repeal reach region here (hear). 

8. Heat cheer cheese even arrears weary keep keen (Keene) 

keel teeth. 

9. Deep depot decay deed deaf defeat deal seeing seal (ceil) 

thief. 

10. Meal reap review wreath week (weak) weave cheap cheek 

chief cheat. 

11. Big busy pity kitchen did ditto diminish tissue vim evince. 

12. Village fix ship thick lip live limb (limn) rich hill him. 

13. Witch within kick king kill dig tin fish film sick. 

14. Civic sin sing silk thin ambitious mix miss mill milk. 

15. Mince rib rip rig ring (wring) win wing chill whip whiff. 



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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 39 



LESSON 4. 

EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

1. The words 3-e to 10-m show how a, as in game, is written 
between consonants. It is made large and light; where shaded 
a preceding - h is implied. It does not turn or vary indirection, 
its opening being invariably to the right. Before d and t the 
lower part of the curve may be slightly raised to make the 
necessary joining angle. 

2. The words 10-n and following, to the end of the Lesson, 
show how e short, as in pen, is written between consonants. 
This vowel should be made small and light; the difference be- 
tween it and a, above, is in size, the same rules govern the use 
of both. Where shaded a preceding h is implied. This vowel 
being short, quickly spoken and comparatively unimportant 
in reading, is not usually written except when it begins the 
word, or is the main or accented vowel in short or infrequent 
words. The spoken names of/, s, m, n and I, being the same 
as the first syllables of words commencing with ef, es, em, en and 
el, this vowel is not usually written before those letters at the 
beginning of a word. 

3. In your practice drills you need not write the vowels that 
are shown disjoined in the Lessons. In some cases they are 
disjoined where they could be easily joined: this is because the 
word is so frequent that the experienced writer and reader 
can safely use the words in this way. Where the vowels are 
joined in the word-outline the words are not so frequent or the 
insertion of the vowel makes a more easily written word-form 
by furnishing a better joining, and it is better to write the 
vowel as shown in the Lessons. Beginners will also find it to 
their advantage to use vowels quite freely; it takes but the 
infinitesimal part of a second to write one and if written it 
may save several minutes of study over an unvocalized out- 
line, or the misreading of a word when you come to read. 

You must strive to become a ready and accurate reader, and 
to become this use vowels freely at first and as long as you see 
that you need them to aid you in reading. Keep your writing 
legible by all means. 

4. Because now the common letters are more significant to 



40 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

you than your sxiorthand characters, when trying- to decifer 
a shorthand word which seems obscure, it will often aid you 
in reading - if you will substitute the common letters for the 
corresponding shorthand characters by writing them on a slip 
of paper. With the word before you spelled out in both kinds 
of letters it will probably occur to you at once. As you be- 
come more familiar with the shorthand characters, their com- 
binations and their greater significance, they will become to 
you much more expressive and suggestive than are the com- 
mon letters. This substitution is illustrated on page 28. 



KEY TO LESSON 4. 

1. Gave case came (became) days take make always favor 

America electricity. 

2. Defendant efficient very never nevertheless neglect length 

represent regular reverend (Rev.) 

3. Them head baby bake bacon bathe bail (bale) behave pave 

pain (pane). 

4. Pail (pale) page game gain gale gage (gauge) engage came 

(became) cane (Cain) daily (Daley). 

5. Dairy tape dictate tame attain tail (tale) vain (vane vein) 

avail vary avaricious. 

6. Fade fate (fete) face faith fame fail shape shake shave 

shame. 

7. Sake saying sale (sail) sage main (Maine mane) mail (male) 

mayor image navy name. 

8. Nail label lady lake lathe lame lane (lain) laying layer rake. 

9. Rave rain (rein reign) arraign rage outrage wake wave 

(waive) wary wages hate. 

10. Hail (hale) James jail chase chain beg bench belt berry 

(bury) petty. 

11. Pen perish repel guess keg ahead depth deck death dem- 

agogue. 

12. Dense venue heavy fence offense fellow (felloe) felon shell 

then meadow. 

13. Empty method memory melt emphatic neck envy enemy 

leg levy (levee). 

14. Lever less allege lessee elm ready reck (wreck) revenue 

erroneous error. 

15. Retch (wretch) weapon wedge hence yes gem check (cheque) 

cherry essential essence. 






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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. k$ 



LESSON 5. 

EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

1. The words 3-c to 4-m show how the long - vowel a, as in 
farm, the large semicircle with the opening - upward, is writ- 
ten, in its full, alf abetic form, between consonants, and in the 
words 4-n to 6-a the same vowel is shown written in the form 
of a large hook on the end of a preceding consonant. In both 
cases the vowel should be turned in the direction contrary to 
the movement of the hands of a clock far enuf to secure a 
good angle between it and the consonants with which it joins. 

2. The words 6-c to 13-s show how. the short vowel a, as in 
cap, the small semicircle with the opening upward, is written 
in its full, alf abetic form, between consonants, and the words 
13-u to 15-ti show how the same vowel is written in the form 
of a small hook on the end of a preceding consonant. The 
same rules govern the writing of this vowel that apply to the 
ah, above, the difference between them is in size. It will be 
noticed that in lamp, 15-u, the vowel appears inverted, but 
the direction of the I, being fixed, shows the direction in which 
the vowel is struck, and the direction in which it is written 
determines its character. 

3. To be able to write fast you must study and practice the 
utmost economy of movement. You must make your charac- 
ters small, accurately and neatly. Write the words close to- 
gether, and where words are frequently associated together 
in sense and the word-forms join easily, connect them in f rases; 
then practice upon these words, frases and sentences until 
your hand will form them easily and without a particle of hes- 
itation. You can easily double your work by making your 
characters too large, by bad joinings, long spaces between 
words and neglect to form frases. Learn to be. a critic of 
your own work and exercise the office with a severe and unre- 
lenting vigor. Let every piece of practice or work you do be 
the best you can execute — mark your highest attainment in 
the art. 

4. Cultivate a complete confidence in yourself and your abil- 
ity to do whatever you undertake, and work to succeed. Do 



U BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 

not be discouraged at trifling- difficulties, or any difficulty. 
Discouragement never succeds; "I can't" always fails; "I can" 
always succeeds and does everything there is done. There is 
a reason for every lack of success; study out this reason, re- 
move the difficulty, persevere and you can not fail to win the 
object sought. Keep constantly before you the fact that if 
you stop short of success you lose all you have done; if you 
persevere and win, nothing is lost, you and your work will re- 
ceive vindication and reward. 



KEY TO LESSON 5. 

1. Department remark charge bank balance guarantee guar- 

anty agriculture vagabond can. 

2. Average (avenue) affidavit advantage thank there anguish 

magazine memorandum language have. 

3. Mechanic arc (ark) arch hark arm harm data dark far 

farm. 

4. Mark laugh lath half harsh behalf bath bar barb bargain. 

5. Bark barn barge path palm park parch garbage calf calm. 

6. Sharp badge patch apples gas cab cabinet cap cash catch. 

7. Gash dance damp damage dare atom attach tab tack at- 

tack. 

8. Tally tare (tear) tarry vanish vanity fat family fancy fair 

(fare) shall. 

9. Shallow sap sack (sac) sash map mass marriage match an- 

imal nap (Knapp). 

10. Knack financial anxious alas lap elapse lack (lac) lash rap 

(wrap) rags. 

11. Rack (wrack) rash wrath ran rally rare wagon wax ware 

(wear) aware. 

12. Where whereas anywhere nowhere everywhere happy 

happen had hat havoc. 

13. Has hang hams hair (hare) harrow jack agitate chaff chair 

baggage. 

14. Back bare (bear) barren pack pass pan panic palace pare 

(pear pair) parish. 

15. Repair gag gang candid carriage canvas (canvass) shaggy 

shanty shank lamp. 



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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 47 



LESSON 6. 

EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

1. The words 2-u to 7-i illustrate the manner in which the 
shaded dash vowel, o long - , as in home, is written in its inclined 
direction between consonants, and 7-m to 8-u show how the 
same vowel is written in its perpendicular direction between 
consonants. This slight change in the direction of the vowel 
is made to facilitate joining, the same as are the variations of 
the semicircular vowels already illustrated and explained. 

2. The words 9-a to 15-c show the light dash vowel, u short 
as in cup, written in its inclined direction between conso- 
nants, and 15-e to u show the same vowel written in its per- 
pendicular direction between consonants. The same rules 
govern the use of this letter that apply to the o, above, the 
distinction between them being in the shading". Most of the 
words given are of so frequent occurrence that the vowels are 
usually omitted by experienced writers. 

3. From the words 3-n, 6-n, 12-o and 14-i-m, h is omitted, 
the word commencing - with the vowel immediately after the h. 

4. Make frequent and thoro reviews, always aiming and 
working industriously and energetically for greater perfec- 
tion of form and higher speed. Your main if not sole reliance 
for increased speed must be upon a more rapid manipulation, 
rather than upon a f ur th er shortening of word and f rase forms. 
This celerity of movement can be g-ained only thru such per- 
fect familiarity with the word and frase forms that they can 
be struck with the utmost confidence and quickness, all of 
which is the result of much diligent and persistent practice 
from dictation, especially of classes of words and f rases which 
fix principles in the mind. Write your words and frases with 
a reasonable degree of brevity, so as not to endanger legibil- 
ity, use facile, easily made forms and stick to them. Don't 
change. Frequent changes in word and frase forms are fatal 
to a hig-h rate of speed. No one can write rapidly while con- 
stantly experimenting- with and changing the word and frase 
forms used. A long and even awkward form, well mastered 
and constantly used will be much more readily and quickly 
written than a shorter form imperfectly mastered, as word 
and frase forms necessarily are so long as the writer keeps in 



the experimental stage. 



48 BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 

5. The briefer the forms you use the more illegible will be 
your writing - ; for the less of a word you write the more of it 
you must remember, if you would read it. When your mem- 
ory becomes dim or overburdened by the number of arbitra- 
rily abbreviated word-forms you try to use, you will have dif- 
ficulty in recalling them; your ability to read will depend up- 
on your fleeting and uncertain memory of the multitude of lit- 
tle fragmentary characters you have made, and your skill in 
constructing the proper sentences from them. The more of 
a word you write the surer you are to read it certainly and 
promptly at any time. There is no escape from the truth of 
these statements. "Briefest, best and most legible" contain* 
a contradiction in terms. Do not be deceived by the asser- 
tion, so common and seductive, yet so utterly . false and mis- 
chievous. 

KEY TO LESSON 6. 

1. Above pork fourth (forth) perfect purpose public (publish) 

govern begun (gun) come, (become) deponent. 

2. Eternity attorney enough such much number (No.) refer 

purchase church both. 

3. Bone bonus bold (bowled) bolt bore (boar) hope (ope) open 

ocean oppose repose. 

4. Pole (poll) pour (pore) porous porch going agony devote 

revoke folks folio. 

5. Four (fore) force (fours) forge shown (shone) soap sows 

(sews) sowing (sewing) soul (sole) sold (souled) solely. 

6. Those theory moan (mown) mold (mould) more (mower) 

home notice known loam loan (lone). 

7. Robe roam (Rome) roar wore coke comb core (corps) coach 

tone toll. 

8. Tore soak sowed (sewed) rogue woke wove yoke joke choke 

chose. 

9. Buggy bunch carbon bulb bulk bulge birth (berth) burn 

(Bern) budget putty. 

10. Punish punch repulse purse (purrs) cup cunning coerce 

divulge does done (dun). 

11. Adult tub ton (tun) tongue turkey term touch reverse de- 

fer fuss. 

12. Funny firm furnace thus thorough thoroughly hum ani- 

mus among unto. 

13. None (nun) nothing annul luck love rub rough (ruff) rush 

rum run. 

14. Earth earn (urn) urge her hurry were worse work worth 

worm. 

15. Jug judge gum curb curry duck dumb tug tough terse. 



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BUSINESS SHOHTHAND. 51 



LESSON 7. 

EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

1. The words 4-a to 6-r show how the shaded, horizontal, 
dash vowel, oo long - , as in boom, is written between consonants. 
This vowel does not vary in direction, when it will not join 
readily to both consonants it should be disjoined, in which case 
it is seldom written by the experienced writer. It is compar- 
atively infrequent, occurring - in but few words. 

2. The words 6-s to 7-r show how the lig"ht, horizontal, dash 
vowel, oo short, as in cook, is written between consonants. It 
is distinguished from the long - vowel, above, by difference in 
shading - , the same rules govern the writing - of both. 

3. The words 7-s to 9-o show how the shaded, inclined, dash 
vowel, a as in tall, is written downward between consonants, 
and the words 9-r to 10-e show how the same vowel is written 
upward between consonants, the direction being - used which 
will give the sharpest angle between it and the consonant to 
which it is joined. 

4. The words 10-i to 14-m show how the lig"ht, inclined, dash 
vowel, o short, as in dog, is written downward between conso- 
nants, and the words 14-n to 15-o show how the same vowel is 
written upward between consonants, the same rules g"overn 
the writing of this- vowel that apply to the broad a, above, the 
distinction being in the shading. 

5. The three last words of the Lesson are derivatives based 
upon the word-sign form. More than 130 derivatives employ- 
ing this word-sign in their construction are given in the Key 
to the Amanuensis and Student's Drill Book. 

6. Owing to the more appropriate and skillful assignment 
of letters to represent the sounds, and the less waste move- 
ment incident upon the joining of letters and words, writers 
of this system are not compelled to resort to the extremes of 
brevity and complexity, with consequent loss of legibility, 
which characterize other systems; but writing in it may be 
done with the words more fully expressed, as rapidly, and, con- 
sequently, more legibly. It may also be written as briefly and 
illegibly, and at the same time more rapidly than other sys- 



52 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

terns, if the writer prefers; but if he writes in this illegible 
way he should not blame the system for the difficulty he will 
have in reading - . The system must be mastered thoroly and 
written correctly to get good results. Slip-shod methods in 
Shorthand will produce no better results than in any other 
pursuit, they are sure to bring disappointment and failure; 
only intelligent, faithful, conscientious work brings the high- 
est reward. See that you do this. 



KEY TO LESSON 7. 

1. Object bushel benevolent popular according coupon corn 

cause (because) already tomorrow. 

2. Volume faculty for form perform furnish author there- 

fore (therefor) morning mortgage. 

3. Long young repugnant warrantee warranty uniform uni- 

verse unanimous officious copy. 

4. Boom poor cool doom tooth tool tour food fool shoot. 

5. Soup soon saloon move remove moon noon renew undo 

(nude) loop. 

6. Routine roof room ruin use youth unity choose book bush. 

7. Bull push pull took shook cook hoop (whoop) look gall 

gorge. 

8. Caucus (calks) cough cautious autumn talk tall sauce (saws) 

naughty origin hall. 

9. Horse horror walk war warm warn chalk lawyer bawl (ball) 

gone. 

10. False (falls) fork lawn borrow born authority authorize 

along belong upon. 

11. Posse cock coffee colony dog dock dodge top foreign office. 

12. Often of tener officiate shop shock shoddy solace solid soli- 

tary knock. 

13. Obnoxious mob motto demolish lobby lock rob rock rocky 

wrong. 

14. Hogs was wash watch job box bosh botch obvious oblivious. 

15. Polish fog follow admonish loss lodge John reform former 

formal. 



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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 55 



LESSON 8. 

1. The Exercises commencing- with this Lesson and contin- 
uing" thru the course, are intended to supplement the regular 
shorthand Lessons by extending the student's vocabulary, and 
furnish a test examination of the thoroness with which the 
principles have been mastered. A copy should be made in 
longhand or on a typewriter, "double-space," and the short- 
hand forms written with pen and ink in the blank space under 
the words, taking - care to write neatly and observe the prin- 
ciples which apply in the words. When the student is sure 
there are no mistakes in the Exercise it should be handed to 
the teacher for criticism and correction, if needed. Where 
practicable the corrections should be made before the student 
and the reasons why given. In teaching large classes the Ex- 
ercises may be put upon the board by the teacher and each 
student make his own corrections. These Exercises may be 
taken up in regular course as reviews of the principles just 
gone over and in addition to the advance Lesson, or they may 
be taken up in connection with the Lesson they supplement 
in the first general review of the course. 

2. Write the following words, as directed above, in accord- 
ance with the principles explained in Lesson 2: 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 1. 

Ekes e'en itches apes edges etches Ann's opes oaks awls 
eyed (I'd) owlish powwow ego Aggie doug-hy duo eddy (Eddie) 
Etta Eva Efne Asa eon aerie aha ogee outdo outgo outlaw 
outweigh. 

EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

3. See paragraf 9, page 27, for general directions in regard 
to form and joining the diamond-pointed dif thongs. 

4. The words 2-i to 6-e show how t, as in like, is written be- 
tween consonants with both strokes straight; 6-i to 8-s show 
how to write the same letter with the first stroke curved and 
the second straight, and 8-u shows how it is written with the 
first stroke straight and the second curved. There are a few 
words of comparatively infrequent occurrence in which the 
easiest joining- of this letter requires that both strokes should 



56 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

be curved, or it may be disjoined, if preferred. 

5. The words 9-c to 12-n show how ew, as in few, is written 
between consonants. Most of the words given occur so fre- 
quently that the vowel may be omitted without endangering 
the legibility of an ordinary sentence. 

6. The words 12-q to 14-e show how oi, as in toil, is written 
between consonants. 

7. The words 14-i to 15-u show how ow, as in town is written 
between consonants. Note the variations in the strokes of 
the letters, made to secure the easiest joinings, and follow 
them closely in practice. 

KEY TO LESSON 8. 

1. Opportunity occupy pecuniary pure power organize county 

idea mighty almighty. 

2. Iron child employ dive dine dying (dyeing) idealjhide (hied 

Hyde) height (white) item. 

3. Time (thyme) type appetite tine tile tire mile mileage 

mine admire. 

4. Benign knife knives libel (liable) like alike live life line 

alliance. 

5. Ripe riot rife derive rise (rice) righteous wipe wife wives 

wine. 

6. Wise wire China bias by-law alibi pipe pine repine pile. 

7. Vise (vice) device divide vine divine revive violence defy 

fine define. 

8. Defiance refine file shine side (sighed) sight (site cite) si- 

lence sign (sine) science lime. 

9. Fire bureau rebuke abuse purity purify repudiate argue 

accuse accumulate. 

10. Cure curious duty duly deduce reduce unduly endure tube 

tumult. 

11. Tune fuse refuse refute fuel fury furious sewer mule pol- 

lute. 

12. Annuity huge juice junior judicious attitude decoy coin 

coil toil. 

13. Noise annoyance loyalty royalty join rejoice choice boys 

boil voyage. 

14. Avoid voice soil bounty empower couch doubt down town 

avows. 

15. Devout devour foul (fowl) shower mouth allowance an 

nounce arouse endow tower. 



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BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 59 

LESSON 9. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 2. 

Write the following- words in accordance with the princi- 
ples illustrated and explained in Lesson 3 and previous Lessons. 

1. Beacon bedew belie apiece appears geese Eden deems 
eaten (Eaton Eton) tease veer fees sheaf sheathe seethe siege 
beseech merely needy neatly niece (knees) anneal veneer ob- 
lique lean-to legion leach (leech) leeway rear arena outreach 
hero cohere jeer cheery. 

2. Keenly deepen deacon decays Deity deafens (deafness) 
deify deny teal zenith zeal scenery senior thieves meek oat- 
meal mealy repay reek (wreak) bereave wreathe revere weep 
weaken weedy wean (ween) heave cheeky achieve wheeze be- 
liever believing unbelief unbeliever. 

3. Bins abyss bilge billowy pithy pickax picnic pink pillage 
giddy dizzy dimly fib fig's affix filch shin shilling - ethics thicken 
thickly amiss lives liver livery living lynch lingo links (lynx) 
lily limbo rim chimney whim. 

4. Gig gingham gill kip kin digging Dixie oddity din ditto 
divinity differ tiptoe tipsy attic tinny fishy easily sip sickish 
sicken sieve sinew sinking- thinly amity myth minnow mink 
mimic milky remiss ribbon rigging - arid wig wick wins (wince) 
winnow jig jiffy gin agility chicken chin whiz debility bewitch 
pigeon visage avidity outlive without withal witty willingly 
unwillingness hereby herein hereof herewith things (thinks). 

EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

5. Most of the simple consonant sounds unite closely with a 
following r, forming double consonant sounds, called the r-series 
of compounds. These are very frequent, illustrate an impor- 
tant f one tic feature of the language and should be carefully 
studied and understood by those who wish to become familiar 
with its elements and their relations and uses. 

6. To represent these double sounds the student is not re" 
quired to learn new letters, but those already learned are mod- 
ified by means of a small hook at the beginning, on the left or 
under side of straight consonants, and in the inside of curves, 
called the r-hook, and used to represent them. These hooked 
letters are used in the beginning, middle and end of words, 
wherever these double sounds occur, tho in the ends of words 
the sounds represented by the hooked letter are usually spoken 
separately but without a vowel between them. This will be 
understood by contrasting the pronunciation of br in break, 
pr in price, etc with ber in lumber, per in temper, etc., but the 
representation of both by the hooked letter is sufficiently ac- 
curate for all practical purposes. The rule is to use these 
hooked letters only when the two consonants form a true dif- 
thong, but occasional violations of this rule occur in practice 



60 BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 

when a more easily written outline for a frequently occurring 
word can thereby be secured, as shown in 7-a, 12-a-e, etc., in 
which the making- of the vowel thru the hooked letter indicates 
that it is to be read between the two consonants represented 
by the hooked letter. It is not the usual practice to write the 
vowel in such cases, and this use of the hooked letters should 
be restricted to very frequently occurring words and those 
containing enuf other letters to make the word definite. The 
hooked letter should not be used in such words as bear, pour, 
fire, vary, etc. The r-hook is enlarged to express a following I, 
as shown in the words 5-e-i-m, 8-n, 11-n, 13-o-r, 15-r-s-u. 

7. The use of this small hook on b for br is shown, in the be- 
ginning, middle and end of words, from 2-n to 5-c; <mp for pr, 
in like manner, is shown 5-n to 8-m; on g for gr, 8-0 to 10-i; 
on k for lev {cr), 10-m to 12-n; on cl for dr, 12-o to 13-n, and on 
t for tr, 13-s to 15-o. 

KEY TO LESSON 9. 

1. Brother (remember) barrel labor principle (principal per) 

proper problem practice preliminary garnishee car (care). 

2. Carry correct curve tariff dear (deer) brief break (brake) 

brave brain broke (brook). 

3. Brick bridge bring breath brag brass branch brush bribe 

brown. 

4. Fiber embrace member membrane neighbor lumber tim- 

ber chamber rubber robber. 

5. Arbor jobber (jabber) umbrella liberal illiberality pray 

(prey) prepay prepaid premium preach (approach). 

6. Propose prepare probate produce pretty press precious 

prejudice perhaps prior (prayer). 

7. Perpetuity promise price prime praise (prays preys) ap- 

prove propriety upper oppress paper (pauper). 

8. Book-keeper dipper (dapper) shipper (shopper) temper 

(tamper) reproach parallel agree gray grave gracious. 

9. Grace (graze grays) grain grieve green grow grass (gross) 

eager degree bigger (beggar) progress. 

10. Vigor vinegar sugar meager cream creep chromo crib 

crack crop. 

11. Cross (cares cars) courage cry crime crone (;crane) crawl 

acre across (acres) crew (accrue) occur. 

12. Procure (pricker) decree encourage encroach liquor (lucre 

lacquer) hickory dream draw drop (drip droop) dread. 

13. Dress (address) dry drive during drunk (drink drank) dredge 

(drudge) drill droll tray (trey) trace (trays). 

14. Train tree treaty track tramp (trump) trap (troop) truck 

(trick) true truth trunk. 

15. Try tribe trip utter atrocious debtor (daughter) entry 

trial trail neutral. 



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BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 63 



LESSON 10. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 3. 

Write the following- words in accordance with the princi- 
ples illustrated and explained in Lesson 4 and previous Lessons. 

1. Babes base (bass bays baize) urbane pagan pathos pays 
(pace) painless campaign payer gaze gayly regale cape cake 
caveat chaos canoe cage dale adage Dane (deign) dainty de- 
tain vague vase veil (vail vale) variance various phase deface 
famous defame feign (fane) amazing shaky shady sago sane 
maze (maize May's) mania mainly Mary nape nave (knave) 
namely lave lacing lazy lathes rapacious ratio ravine raving 
raise (rays race) rain-bow rainy awake awaken wavy waif 
ways (weighs) wane (wain) jade Jane chafe chasten chary be- 
take making American favoring favored favorite favors. 

2 Beck beckon bedlam bevy beverage bell (belle) bellow ebon 
ebony peg peck apex poet poem penny penance pelt pellet pelf 
epidemic den delve derrick edit editor edifice ten tenacious 
tenth tenon tenure terror terrier terrific terrace vex venom 
ferry felon fellow fetch shelf thence mesh omen amen annex 
nephew knell leaven lemon wretched unerring web hen hedge 
jet Jesse (Jessie) Jennie (jenny) jelly jealous chess caress envy 
envoy elbow elk elf Elsie Ellen efficiency represented repre- 
senting representative regular regularity regularly irregular. 



EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

3. 2-ixi to 3-u show how vr is written in the middle and end 
of words, it does not begin words. 

4. 4-a to 5-n show how fr is written in the beginning, mid- 
dle and end of words. 

5. 5-o to 6-s show how shr is written in the beginning, mid- 
dle and end of words. To make this character the hook is 
placed on the r-element of the compound, written downward, 
to avoid the awkward character which would result from an 
attempt to make the hook on the left or convex side of sh. In 
the words 6-u to 8-i this same character has the power of chr. 
The sounds are so similar to shr that no confusion or illegibil- 
ity arises from this extended use of the hooked character. 
The large hook on the downward r, shown in the words 8-m- 
n-o. implies a preceding n — nchr. 



64 BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 

6. 8-r to 9-i show how zhr is written in the middle and end 
of words, it does not begin words. It is like the s/i?', explained 
above, except in the matter of emfasis and shade and is gov- 
erned by the same rules. In 9-m to 10-n this character has 
the power of ,/r, same as explained above of chr, and in 10-o-r 
the enlarged hook implies a preceding n — njr. 

7. 10-s to 12 -u show how nr is written in the middle and end 
of words, it does not begin words. 

8. 13-a-c show the use of thr (spoken) in the middle and end 
of words, it does not begin them, and 13-e to o show the use of 
thr (whispered) in words. 

9. 13-r to 14-n show the use of the shaded I for Ir, and 14-o 
to 15-u show the use of mr in the beginning, middle and end 
of words. It is not a dif thong, there is a vowel between the 
m and r in most of the words. 

KEY TO LESSON 10. 

1. Together altogether whatever vice president overwhelm 

overcharge forever from shrinkage Mr. 

2. Nature large (learn) year (your) general ever (over) every 

everything cover recover endeavor. 

3. Driver (drover) bravery giver river waver variety various 

verify variance varnish. 

4. Free freight fresh phrase (fries) frame frog frank afraid 

offer defraud. 

5. Defray suffer (safer cipher) decipher rougher referee re- 

frain shrink shrewd (shroud) sure (assure shore) usher. 

6. Surety surely sheriff pressure cashier luxury beneficiary 

judiciary washer cherish. 

7. Charm butcher rupture (rapture) preacher departure tem- 

perature creature picture lecture teacher. 

8. Treachery voucher feature future venture furniture cen- 

tury treasure luxurious seizure. 

9. Measure erasure leisure usury jury germ germane journey 

sojourn adjourn. 

10. Perjure forger major majority ledger soldier danger man- 

ager (manger) owner honor. 

11. Near (nor) narrow nerve north energy enrage enrich un- 

righteous enormous banner. 

12. Gainer (gunner) ignore corner (coroner) dinner (donor) tin- 

ner (tenor) finer sinner (signer) manner (miner minor 
meaner) winner generous. 

13. Other gather three through throw (throe) thrive through- 

out allure lard (lord) alarm. 

14. Taylor (tailor) teller collar (choler caller) familiar jailer 

jeweler merit marsh mourn marry (merry). 

15. Merge margin march demurrer demurrage enamor nu- 

merous rumor farmer (firmer) hammer (hemmer). 

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BUSINESS SHORTHAND, 67 

* 

LESSON 11. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 4. 

Write the following- words in accordance with the princi- 
ples illustrated and explained in Lesson 5 and previous Lessons. 

1. Alms army argue tardy afar farce balm palmy calves 
carp cargo carve carcass tar tarnish char jar charged charg- 
ing charges remarking. 

2. Apathy apple acme addle adder adage attache ambush 
Arab patch gap cabbage cabin captious capacious dash tap 
tan tallow van fag fathom famish famine fan fang fallacious 
fairy affair unfair sang sank sally sallow satchel their there- 
by thereupon thereon thereof therewith thereto therein Mc 
(Mac Mack) mash mammoth magic lag lackey lacks (lax) lass 
lasso lance lank languish latch ravish ravenous rang rank rar- 
ity rarify rarely ratchet wag beware unawares whereupon 
wherein whereof whereon wherewithal Yankee hack hash 
Harry (hairy) Japan jag chap chaplain chat averaged averag- 
ing averages avalanche advantages advantageous thanking 
thanks thankless anatomy having. 

3. Bag bass ban banish banana bang bearing (baring) barely 
pansy pang parry gangway gallop cavity catholic cam cameo 
camel camera candy cannon (canon) caravan sham chamois 
lamb ramify ham. 



EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

4. Referring to explanations made in Lesson 9 in regard to 
the r-Tiodk series of compounds, the same explanations, substi- 
tuting I for r and locating the hook on the right and upper 
side of straight consonants and inside of curves, with some 
slight modifications, as explained in individual cases, will in- 
form you in regard to another important series of double con- 
sonants called the l-series of compounds. 

5. 2-m to 6-r show the use of bl in the beginning, middle and 
end of words. It is used almost uniformly for the termina- 
tions able and ible. The hook is enlarged to express a follow- 
ing r, as shown in 1-e, 5-n. 

6. 6-s to 8-u show the use of pi in the beginning, middle and 
end of words; the large hook in 8-i-n reads plr. 

7. 9-a to u thow ths use of gl in the beginning, middle and 



68 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

end of words; the enlarged hook in 10-a reads glr. 

8. 10-c to 12-n show the use of kl \cl) in the beginning, mid- 
dle and end of words; the enlarged hooks in 12-o to u read Mr. 

9. 13-a to 14-c show the use of dl in the middle and end of 
words. It does not begin words, where so written there is a 
vowel between the d and I, and the hooked character is used 
to secure greater brevity or better joinings in frequent words. 
The hook of dl must be made large to distinguish it from.;. 

10. 14-e to 15-u show the use of tl in the middle and end of 
words. It does not begin words, and the hook must be made 
large to distinguish it from ch. 

KEY TO LESSON 11. 

1. Bill (able) vegetable boiler honorable probable applicable 

plaintiff glory (gallon) telegraph (telegram) call (coal). 

2. Collect capital (capitol) reply pleasure able-bodied blaze 

blame bleach (blotch) blue (blew) blow. 

3. Billing (blowing) bills (bliss bless) black blank bluff block 

blush (abolish) oblige bible (babble bubble) payable. 

4. Capable agreeable cable (cobble) amicable double (dabble 

edible due-bill) table trouble verbal favorable movable. 

5. Perishable negotiable humble amiable gamble (gambol) 

gambler grumble admirable marble enable (unable). 

6. Noble salable mailable durable terrible way-bill (wabble) 

legible (eligible) illegible plea please (pleas police). 

7. Play plays (place) plain (plane) plan plank policy plow 

plucky pledge ply (apply). 

8. Applaud people (pupil papal) couple coupler cripple ex- 

plore deeply supply ample replenish. 

9. Gleam gloomy glow glimpse glass (gloss) glue eagle ugly 

angle legal. 

10. Burglar claim proclaim clean cloak close clothes clause 

(claws) clip calico. 

11. Class (calls) clever (cleaver clover) club cloth climb (clime) 

culture collateral o'clock local luckily. 

12. Enclose foreclose enclosure technical mechanical miracle 

color (clear) clerk declare peculiar. 

13. Dull delay delight deliver delicious dollar (dealer duller) 

delirious (dolorous) idle (idol) bridle (bridal) peddle (pedal 
puddle poodle). 

14. Bundle medal (meddle muddle middle) tell (till) tolerate 

battle (bottle) brittle (brutal) cattle (cuttle) detail title 
(total tattle) vital. 

15. Fatal (futile) efficiently metal (mettle mottle) mutilate 

mortal (myrtle marital) promptly until (nettle natal) 
rattle (retail) retaliate utility. 



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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 71 

LESSON 12. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 5. 

Write the following- words in accordance with the princi- 
ples illustrated and explained in Lesson 6 and previous Lessons. 

1. Bows (beaux) bogus boldness borne borer boatswain pope 
poke potentate potential potency pony poach depose copious 
cone atone vogue focus foes foam forego forthcoming forth- 
with forage divorce zone ozone soapy sofa solo solidity solidify 
sore (soar sower) mope moldy molten loaf alone cologne lowly 
loathe loath (loth) rope rotate rose (rows) arose romance up- 
roar roach woes yore hoary hose (hoes) obese opaque ocean 
Job jolt Aurora. 

2. Goal gory cocoa coax (cokes) cove dose domain door adore 
toady toes (tows) torn tory shows shoal shorn mows knoll rogu- 
ish rove hoax chore. 

3. Buck button buffet rebuff buss bunk burrow (borough) bur- 
nish birch budge puppy puppet pugnacious puff pulp pulse perch 
gully cub covet coming undone dunce (duns) tonnage turf de- 
ter aver virgin affirm furrow shun shirk sully sulky sullen muff 
monkey mummy muddy mutton lug lucky lovely lunch lungs 
divulge defer ruffian emerge wrung (rung) hug honey hung 
unearthly worry worthless worthy worthiness adjudge junk 
chubby chunk herb earthen earnings urchin. 

4. Gulf gulch girth cuff cull cur (Kerr) dug dove dirk dearth 
dirge tuck muck myrrh murky chum churn oven onus odious. 



EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

5. 2-c to 4-m show how vl is written in the middle and end 
of words, it does not begin words. The enlarged hook shown 
in 3-i reads vlr. 

6. 4-n to 8-c show how J! is written in the beginning, middle 
and end of words. It is used uniformly for the termination ful. 
To form this character the hook is placed on the downward I, 
to avoid the awkward character that would result from an 
attempt to place the hook on the convex side of /. The en- 
larged hook, shown in 8-e-i, reads fir. 

7. 8-m-n show the usual way of writing zhl in the middle and 
end of words. The two letters being easily made at one stroke, 
there is no gain in using a hooked character to represent them. 
The combination is of comparatively infrequent occurrence.. 



72 BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 

8. 8-o-r show shl written as a hooked character. As in the 
case of zhl, above, there is little gain in using- the hooked char- 
acter in these words, the two fully written letters are equally 
correct and as easily written. 

9. 8-s to lO-n show the use of the large-hooked n for nl in 
the middle and end of words. 

10. lO-o, a large-hooked m, written upward, is used for m-l 
with a short, intermediate vowel, in a few words, and also for 
the prefix multi. 

11. 10-r to 11-i show the w-hook enlarged to express a follow- 
ing- Lwith an intervening- vowel usually written on the end of 
the larg-e-hooked w; 11-m-n-o, 11-r to 12 e and 12-m to r show 
the hooks of hw (ivh), y and h enlarged in the same way for the 
same purpose. The shaded yl in 12-i reads ylr. 

12. 12-s "to 15-u show r shaded to express a following I. 

KEY TO LESSON 12. 

lo Beneficial partial acknowledge value vulgar usual official 
failure original world. 

2. English valley (volley) valid valve vilify villain evil oval 

approval gravel (grovel). 

3. Develop devolve travel (trivial) traveler revival frivolous 

shovel civil removal novel. 

4. Level lively arrival rival (ravel reveal) revolver flavor 

flame fluid (filled) flow (floe) flaw. 

5. Flash (flesh flush) flag (flog) flax (flux) flock (flake) flight 

(flat) fly fill (fall full) fulfill fallen (flown) awful. 

6. Baffle careful dreadful needful doubtful delightful trifle 

frightful (fruitful) shuffle (wishful) thankful. 

7. Faithful shameful painful sinful lawful willful rifle (raffle 

ruffle) powerful fearful reproachful. 

8. Watchful chiefly floor flour (flower) casualty unusual social 

marshal (martial) only unless. 

9. Analyze analogy knowledge penalty diagonal canal (ken 

nel) colonel (kernel carnal) denial tunnel eternal. 

10. Venal funnel final nominal renewal channel multiply wail 

(wale) well welcome. 

11. Wealth wool wolf woolen whale wheel while yell yield an- 

nual. 

12. Manual genial tabulate tubular hole (whole) hell help 

health rail reel (real). 

13. Rule roll (role) rely relieve relief release relic relish realm 

ruler. 

14. Railway religion reliable (rulable) early barley (burly) bu- 

rial pearl (purl) puerile girl really 

15. Reality relate relative pay-roll moral demoralize enroll 

unreliable funeral (funereal) whirl. 



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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 75 

LESSON 13. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 6. 

Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 7 and preceding Lessons: 
, ?.. Booty booth booming- boon (Boone) baboon boor boorish 
pool poorly goose coop uncouth coon coolly (cooly) courier toot 
twos tomb shoes sooty soothe moody minutiae moose Moore 
(moor) news (noose) newly newel (Newell) lose (loose) loom il- 
lume lunacy ruby rouge uniformly uniformity unanimity. 

2. Bouquet book-keeping bushy bully bullet bulletin pudding 
pulley pussy cuckoo cookey nook outlook. 

3. Gaudy gauzy calk born daub debauch dawn adorn torch 
shawl salt malt laws nauseous warp warmth warmly warrior 
wharf horn jaws chalky. 

4. Auburn balky pawn Paul (pall pawl) appall fawn fauna 
yawn accordingly forgive forgiven forgiving formality form- 
erly deformity reformer. 

5. Cog cogitate topic autopsy toddy tossing Tom dogma doff 
doll folly column solve' solemn omnibus omniscience homage 
noxious novice anomaly anonymous jog jockey chop. 

6. Bob bog pop poppy epoch gong cob collapse don tonic 
tongs fop foggy fox sob sock song thong mop mock lop log 
lock logic objected objective objecting popularity unpopular. 



EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

7. 8 unites with a following p k t f m n I and w, forming 
double consonant sounds, called the s-series of compounds. 
The s in such cases is uniformly represented by a small circle 
made on the right or upper side of the straight letters, struck 
in the direction contrary to the movement of the hands of a 
clock, and in the inside of curved letters, formed with the 
same movement which makes the curve. It should be made 
small, exact and neatly. The loop shown in 1-c-i-r and 2-a, 
expresses an st and is used here as a means of distinction. Z 
at the beginning of a word is always written with the full, al- 
fabetic letter, never with the circle. 

8. 2-c to 3-a, 3-c to *-c and 4-e to 7-e show how sp, sk (sc/i 
and st are written in the beginning of words. 



76 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

9. 7-i, 7-m to 8-e, 8-i to n, 8-0 to 9--e and 9-i to 10-c show 
how sf [sph), sm, sn, si and sw are written in the beginning - of 
words. It should be noticed that sl may be written either up- 
ward or downward, as may be most convenient, and that the 
hook of the w is closed into a circle for the sw. 

10. 10~e to 15— vl show how to write a class of frequently oc- 
curring - words in which there is a vowel spoken between the 
circles and the consonant to which it is attached. The words 
are of such frequent occurrence that only the vowels neces- 
sary for purposes of distinction are written. 

11. SI is used for the prefix self in 13~u and 14-a. 

KEY TO LESSON 13. 

1. Subject establish speak (special) stipulate superintendent 

expenditure signify suggest save (several) sufficient. 

2. Yesterday space spacious (specious species) speech speak 

(spoke) span spare spike spice spurious. 

3. Spell (spool spoil) scale school skill skillful scheme scarce 

(scars) skin scan scoundrel. 

4. Scare (score scour) sketch (Scotch), stab step steep stoop 

(stop) stay steeple (stopple) stake (steak) stick. 

5. Stack stuck stock stout stood (stud stead) study (steady) 

stave stove stiff steam. 

6. Stamp (stump) stone (stun stain) stale steel (steal) stole 

stall steer starve store stairs (stares). 

7. Stir sturdy storm sphere smuggle smoke smash smooth 

smith small. 

8. Smaller smell smile snow snap snug" (snag") sleep slip slim 

slope. 

9. Slack slave sly sway swell sweep swap (swoop) swim swing- 

swore. 

10. Swear switch sublime suburban suppose subpcena superior 

signal signature escape. 

11. Said (sad) sudden (sadden) sat (set sit) city severe (savior) 

savage safe suffice (suffuse) soften suffrage. 

12. Season says (size) south some (sum seem same) sympathy 

simple (sample) something" similar summer summary. 

13. Summon (salmon) sun (son sin) sense censure single singu- 

lar sink (sunk) sell (cell) salvage (selvage) selfish. 

14. Self-denial seller (cellar) salary (celery) sir sorrow sorry 

source (sirs) sirup (syrup) surprise circle. 

15. Circular serve survey survive service serene serious series 

(Ceres) search surmise. 



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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 79 



LESSON 14. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 7. 

Write the following - words in accordance with the princi- 
ples illustrated and explained in Lesson 8 and previous Lessons. 

1. Dike diet dies (dyes dice) dial tidy untidily ties entice 
tine mica mice demise nice nine Nile liken liking- alive lies 
(lice) lion Lisle lilac outline ripen arise writhe unwise wily 
gibe whine itemize ivory. 

2. Dime dire tire tyro attire mire wiry chime Irish iris. 

3. Buys pike pica piety pious pilot beguile archives devise 
vile vial (viol) violin five fife defile fiat Zion. 

4. Buyer environs fire-arms fire-works undivided untie. 

5. Dews (dues deuce) adduce educe dual duel views diffuse 
fugitive ensue dilute mutiny music June juvenile juicy jewel 
chews puny oppugn cubic dupe attune solitude. 

6. Coinage coyly coyness turmoil adjoin rejoin toys noisy 
boyish foil poise devoid. 

7. Bows (boughs) bowery bowels douse (dowse) cows (coun- 
ties county's) cower carouse vows avowal sour mouse (mows) 
dower towel rowdy rouse (rows) bounteous pouch vouch gouge 
denounce allowable. 



EXPLANATION OP PRINCIPLES. 

8. 2-a to 8-u show how the circle for z is written between 
consonants. 2-a-c-e between straight lines in the same di- 
rection the circle is made on the right-hand side of perpen- 
dicular and inclined consonants and on the upper side of hor- 
izontals; 2-i to 3-o, between straight lines that join at an an- 
gle the circle should always be made on the outside of the an- 
gle; 3-r to 7-e, between a straight line and a curve the circle 
is always made in the inside of the curve, and, 7-i to 8-u, be- 
tween two curves facing in the same direction the circle is 
made in the inside of both. In 7-u, and other like words, the 
hooked compound, nr, is used for wire. 

9. 9-a to 15-u the circle represents .s, and the classification 
is the same as above: 9-a to 10-u, between straight lines in 
the same direction the circle is made on the right or upper 



80 BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 

side, and 11-a to 15-u , the circle between two straight con- 
sonants that join at an angle, is always made on the outside 
of the angle. 

KEY TO LESSON 14. 

1. Post-office proximo prospect expect respect executive 

against exorbitant designate distinguish. 

2. Disdain reserve reservoir positive positively opposite de- 

posit preside (praised prized) raised (roused reside) res- 
idue 

3. Wisdom desire deserve discern preserve observe surprised 

bosom (besom) presume (prism) presumptuous. 

4. Sarcasm resume closing misery miserable poison prison 

presence (prisons) newspaper cousin (cozen). 

5. Dozen (design disown) dishonest dishonorable citizen trea- 

son anxiety reason (risen resign) reasonable raising (ris- 
ing rousing) embezzle. 

6. Puzzle proposal auxiliary dazzle dissolve resolve perusal 

wisely civilized visible. 

7. Feasible vast (voiced vest) usage refusal muslin damsel 

nozzle (nasal) losing unison unreasoning. 

8. Sophism socialism atheism organism mechanism museum 

mesmerize amusing (amazing) crimson Joseph. 
9 Bespeak postpone prospective prospectus excuse micro- 
scope decide (dazed) dust (dosed deceit) audacity desti- 
tute. 

10. Distasteful destiny test (taste tacit) attest trust (truest 

traced) just (jest gist) digest adjust resource (razors) re- 
search. 

11. Brisk (brusk) besides subside subsidy post (pieced paced 

past) pressed (priced priest) obstacle obstinacy abstain 
substitute. 

12. Substantial publicity absorb proceed (precede) procedure 

postage placed paucity (pasty) capacity duplicity. 

13. Simplicity gasp (gossip) gospel guest (guessed ghost gust) 

gusto disgust graced (grist) sagacity grocer (grosser) 
cross-bill (crucible). 

14. Taxable expeditious expose exposure expel expire cross- 

purpose exceedingly accede (accused) cost (coast cast). 

15. Accost accustom crusty disobey disbelief (disbelieve) dis- 

able disperse dispose dispel (disciple) despair (disappear). 



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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 15. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 8. 

Write the following words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 9 and preceding - Lessons: 

1. Breeze breathe bravado brace (brays braze) breathless 
brassy broom broach broth brawl breach (breech) brim brink 
brandy bronze brewery brother-in-law. 

2. Abbreviate outbreak abridge bribery debris fabric fibrous 
limber laborer laborious robbery barber barbarous harbor. 

3. Prairie prune probe propitious prick prince prong pry 
prejudice prize (pries apprise) primary prudential pretentious 
premise prejudicial perfidy pernicious partake permeate. 

4. Opprobrious apron apropos appropriate capricious cop- 
per cooper depress deeper vapor superb hamper whimper re- 
produce hopper principles (principals) principally unprinci- 
pled property properly probably paralysis paralyze prolific 
prolong prolix temporal prelude prelate corporal corporeal. 

5. Greek greedy greasy grievance grief gruff grape group 
growth grown (groan) growing grove grip gritty grimy grin 
grab gravity granite grudge gorgeous. 

6. Egress egregious agreeing aggravate begrudge program 
diagram tiger cigar engross engrave negro rigor growl. 

7. Creek (creak) crease crave crow crank crook crash crush 
crazy chronic crown crevice crier crutch courageous.' 

8. Ochre baker backer broker breaker packer poker pucker 
kicker cracker crockery dicker decrease decorum ludicrous 
talker Tucker ticker sicker sucker thicker maker meeker 
mocker democracy recourse recur wrecker worker weaker 
Walker cruelly cruelty pickerel mackerel mercurial. 

9. Dreary drapery drainage drove drawer drag drugs dregs 
drum dram (drachm) drawback drawn drown drayage odor re- 
dress dearly dearer endear endeared endearing reindeer. 

10. Treatise tricky trim trashy trying truce trickery trai- 
tor truly triumph trench tragedy betray obtrude perpetrate, 
untrue penetrate paltry retreat reiterate retrieve retrench 
portray portrait putrid entreaty patrol petroleum electoral 
nostril neutrality neutralize portrayal. 



EXPLANATION OP PRINCIPLES. 

11. This Lesson illustrates still further how the circle for 



8k BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 

is written between consonants: 2-a to 4-u show the circle 
written on the outside of the angle between two straight con- 
sonants; 5-a to 10-u show the circle written between a curve 
and a straight line, inside the curve; 11-a to 15-e show the 
circle written between two curves made with the same move- 
ment of the hand, inside both curves, and 15-i to u show the 
circle written between curves which require a reversal of the 
movement of the hand between them. In such cases the circle 
is usually made inside the first curve and outside the second; 
this combination is, however, of infrequent occurrence. 

KEY TO LESSON 15. 

1. Testify first and-so-forth (etc. &c.) falsehood domestic un- 

reasonable elsewhere legislature resemble useful 

2. Dispatch disguise desk (disk dusk) discover discuss (disks 

desks) disorganize task (tusk) trespass tracer aforesaid. 

3. Respectable respectful risk rescue rascal recede rest (rust 

receipt raced wrist) restore arrest tourist. 

4. Pursue pursuit (poorest pierced) cursed (coursed) curiosity 

scarcity forced (fairest foresight) worst west (waste 
waist) whisky whilst. 

5. Abusive obscene basis passive oppressive specify possess 

process (precise) person passing (piecing pacing). 

6. Classify excess access (axis) success maximum excellence 

deceive disfavor disfigure disadvantage. 

7. Tussle (tassle itself) receive parcel (parasol) releasing jus- 

tify divest vast (vest voiced) velocity veracity (voracity) 
festival. 

8. Fast (feast faced fist fussed) offset frost easiest suicide 

(secede) thanksgiving most (must mussed mist missed 
mast massed moist) mistake molest promissory. 

9. Misrepresent misrule sensible honest sensitive nonsuit un- 

skillful generosity amongst answer. 

10. Sincerely sincerity financier lucid last (lost lest laced) list 

(least leased) enlist elicit solicit (solaced) celestial. 

11. Vessel (vassal) vacillate diversify emphasize emphasis fos- 

sil (facile) facility atmosphere loathsome decisive. 

12. Submissive muscle (mussel missile missal) himself morsel 

dismissal famously mason miscellaneous mucilage enor- 
mously. 

13. Unassuming lonesome ransom unseen nuisance nonsense 

senseless pencil (pensile) cancel tensile. 

14. Stencil yourself useless judiciously disadvantageously les- 

sen (lesson loosen listen) license (looseness lessens les- 
sons listens) larceny wholesale wholesome. 

15. Philosophy falsify philosopher (falsifier) vicinity fasten 

mercenary unsafe repulsive offensive defensive. 



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BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 87 



LESSON 16. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 9. 

Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 10 and preceding- Lessons: 

1. Overawe overbalance overbearing overpower overcome 
overdo overtake overtime overshoe overshadow oversee over- 
sight overload overlay overlook overreach overwork moreover 
evermore everliving wherever whichever avoirdupois avari- 
cious voracious veracious verbose vermin beaver engraver 
uncover recover diver traverse shiver savor sever sovreign 
mover maneuver knavery lover rover reverie. 

2. Freak freeze (frees) freely froze frock fry frown frac- 
tious fracas frothy France frenzy French frolic frigid afresh 
affray pharmacy fervency fervor briefer rougher sufferer 
camphor loafer refresh. 

3. Shriek shrunk shrine shrubbery glacier crusher fiduciary 
fresher sea-shore enshrine censure harsher cheerfully pitcher 
capture architecture tincture juncture ditcher richer torture, 
naturally naturalize unnatural ill-nature. 

4. Azure ozier treasury treasurer perjury perjurer g-auger 
drudgery verdure (verger) Germany lounger ginger. 

5. Narrative nervous nourish nurse anarchy enervate un- 
ripe pioneer ignoramus trainer thinner demeanor domineer 
runner burner foreigner forerunner joiner degenerate. 

6. Bother (bather) thrash throb throng- throne (thrown) 
overthrow. 

7. Layer lower (lore) liar (lyre) lure miller jewelry bachelor 
learned learning enlarged familiarize familiarly familiarity. 

8. Mercury mercy mirth murmur marine mariner mourner 
mirror merge marriage demur demure admire admiral drum- 
mer dreamer temerity remorse armor (Armour) humor hu- 
morous hemorrhage emergency. 



EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

9. The circle is made on the left-hand side of p and the un- 
der side of k and t, at the beginning of those letters, to ex- 
press the trifthongal consonant sounds spr, skr (scr) and str, 
both initial and medial in words. 

10. 1-s to 3-m show how spr is written in words — 2-o to 3-c 
showing its use for the prefix super — in 3-m the r-hook must be 



88 BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 

shown, and in 3-n-o the circle is placed on the left-hand side 
of b for the sake of brevity and distinction in these frequent 
words. 

11. 3-r to 5-i show how skr is written in words. 

12. 5-m to 8-m show how sir is written in words — in the last 
two words of this reference the direction of the consonants is 
such that it is necessary to show the r-hook, and in 8-n-o the 
circle is written on the under side of d for sdr. 

13. 8-r to 13-i show the circle written inside the various 
hooks. The circle should be made small and care taken not 
to distort the hooks, as distinctions between words often de- 
pend upon their relative sizes. 

14. 13-m to 15 r show the use of a loop for kst and ext and in 
the last two words this loop is used for gst. 

KEY TO LESSON 16. 

1. Secure secretary administer disturb remonstrate illus- 

trate request strength spree spray. 

2. Spring (sprung) spry supper suppress supreme supremacy 

supersede superstitious supervise supervisor. 

3. Superfine superfluous prosper prosperity whisper sober so- 

briety scrape scrip scripture. 

4. Scrap scruple scream scramble skirmish scratch (screech) 

screw obscure secrecy scrub (scribe). 

5. Subscribe prescribe describe excrescence stray straighten 

(straiten) stratum strain stream straw. 

6. Strip struggle (straggle) stroke (struck) stricture strike 

stride straddle strive strife strong. 

7. String stringer stress strictly stretch stranger prostrate 

destroy distress distressed (distrust) . 

8. Administrator register magistrate mistrust restrain sad- 

der desideratum posture (pasture) express expressive. 

9. Expressly disapprove disapproval reciprocity disagree dis- 

agreeable disgrace discourage deceiver receiver. 

10. Prisoner passage discharge message mischief misuse cross- 

wise displeasure passenger messenger. 

11. Possible (passable) plausible pistol postal exclaim exclu- 

sively display discipline disclaim disclose. 

12. Disclosure extol (Castile) costly explicit distill still (settle 

style) stylish peaceful blissful graceful. 

13. Merciful unmerciful personally amusingly (amazingly) cus- 

tody custodian custom (costume) customary custom- 
house extensive. 

14. Extensively extinguish extra extreme external exterior 

boxed (biggest) book-store dexterity taxed (text). 

15. Texture fixed fixtures mixed mixture next forecast weak- 

est druggist drug-store. 



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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 91 



LESSON 17. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 10. 

Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 11 and preceding Lessons: 

1. Bleak blameless bloom blemish blown blur bleach ably 
able-bodied gable gobble navigable irrevocable doubly audi- 
ble eatable veritable feeble fable affable sociable appreciable 
blamable preamble ramble rumble jumble abominable nimble 
rabble rebel rubble endurable venerable jubilee irreproacha- 
ble way-bills probably probability tumbler grumbler warbler. 

2. Plague player pliable plug plumber plainer (planer) pul- 
verize applause pilgrim pilfer propel propeller perplex grap- 
ple deeply deploy diploma deplore topple overplus crumple 
dimple temple trample rumple replace replevin pleasurable 
sharply chaplain replies replied replying. 

3. Glean glib glutton glum globe glove glaze glare (glair) 
glazier frugal legally legalize illegally wiggle juggle joggle 
glorious glorify gloried telegraphic telegrapher telegraphy. 

4. Clique clay clothier clinch cling clap clash clog clew cul- 
pable cloudy clutter clatter clumsy calumny calamity clamor 
cleanse cleaner clung clutch cholera college buckle diabolical 
pickle tropical proclivity decline methodical tickle tackle vo- 
cal shackles physically sickly cyclone fiscal muscular thickly 
chemical numerical nickel knuckle nucleus chronicle tyran- 
nical frankly reckless reclaim recline recall foreclosure log- 
ical collected collecting collective collector recollect. 

5. Dilapidated delayed deluded deleterious dilatory deluge 
boodle rapidly cradle credulity fidelity saddle remodel needle 
candle kindle ladle riddle curdle waddle widely. 

6. Brutality subtile reptile entitle vitality victuals fatally 
fatality subtle subtlety settle unsettled versatility metallic 
ventilate mantle (mantel) volatile foretell fertile fertility 
portly wattle whittle whittlings chattel. 



EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

7. This Lesson illustrates further uses of the circle. 3-r to 
7-r show the use of the circle with vowels. A careful study 
of the word-forms will give a better understanding of them 



92 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

than would the study of any description. Care should be 
taken to make the circle small and not distort the vowels. 
With practice these can be made with quickness and accu- 
racy, and their use makes the words definite. 

8. 7-s to 11-c show the use of the double-sized circle for s-s, 
s-z with a short vowel between them. 

9. 11-e to 15-u show the use of the circle, usually at the end 
of the word, and on the left or under side of straight letters 
only, at their ends, to express a following- ance, ence or ness; 
made double size it reads ances or ences. 

KEY TO LESSON 17. 

1. Astonish almost absence responsible temperance expense 

experience experienced ignorance significance. 

2. Recognize (recognizance) extravagance accordance cur- 

rency defense admittance diligence attendance refer- 
ence solvency. 

3. Business suspect society satisfy themselves ourselves your- 

selves gainsay hearsay assayer. 

4. Mason erase aspire ask acid (aside) assets assume assem- 

ble assimilate assign. 

5. Assignee assignor assail asylum assuage east austere fore- 

see bull's-eye ice-cream. 

6. Glassy glossy proxy flimsy fallacy rosy mercy diplomacy 

auspicious whoso. 

7. Lawsuit hospital hostile howso outside outset ensue mu- 

sic bosses (busses) blesses. 

8. Suspicious auspices exist glasses (glosses) progresses crosses 

classes boxes accessible successor. 

9. Dresses (addresses) sustain sustenance assess assist assess- 

or assessing system necessity necessary, 

10. Necessarily resist exercise offices offenses dissatisfied en- 

thusiastic enthusiasm misses (masses messes) promises. 

11. Losses (loses) sources abeyance disturbance remembrance 

resemblance dispense appearance disappearance ap- 
pliance. 

12. Correspondence response expenses expensive glance for- 

giveness negligence elegance repugnance arrogance. 

13. Occurrence occurrences weakness correctness audience 

prudence precedence evidence residence non-residence. 

14. Substance pretense assisstance existence distance resist- 

ance remonstrance perseverance reliance assurance. 

15. Assurances once (ones) chance chances diligence alle- 

giance occupancy agency emergency urgency. 



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BUSINESS SHORTHAND 95 



LESSON 18. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 11. 

Write the following - words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 12 and preceding Lessons: 

1. Valuable voluble voluptuous volcano validity valise vil- 
lainous vulnerable involve bevel gavel devil frivolity civility 
civilize uncivil marvelous novelty naval anvil carnival jovial 
shrivel shrievalty revolve vulgarity cavalry chivalry rivalry. 

2. Fleece (flees fleas) flue (flew) flows (floes) flowing fling flash 
flush flounce flabby flap fleshy flame phlegm flank flung- offal 
afflatus affluence affiliated fallible fallacious befall buffalo 
playful wakeful pitiful bountiful overflow youthful mouthful 
triumphal mournful wrongful unlawfully woful joyful flourish 
flooring floral trifler muffler. 

3. Nullify analogous analytic annals penal panel colonial 
venality vanilla finally marginal ammonial. 

4. Mellow melody mulberry malleable mulatto maltreat 
mail-train malevolence militia malicious melancholy millen- 
nium milliner millennial multitude multifarious. 

5. Wall well-being welfare bewail farewell unwell unwieldy 
Wheeler whaling wheelbarrow whelp awhile meanwhile world- 
liness. 

6. Yellow yelp yolk populous populace granulated unyield- 
ing opulence virulence eulogy peculate emulate amulet ocu- 
lar globular jocular. 

7. Relapse relax relevance irrelevance ruling religious ap- 
parel plural curl coral darling virile overrule furl memorial 
territorial dictatorial mayoralty morality morally moralize 
ephemeral neuralgia reroll. 



EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

8. Referring to page 31, paragraf 2, wherein is mentioned a 
law in regard to the association of sounds in speaking, light 
(whispered) consonant letters are made half length to imply 
a t immediately following and without an intervening vowel; 
see apt, packed, gift, pushed, etc. The same principle of abbre- 
viation is extended to include consonant letters, both whis- 
pered and spoken, where there is a vowel between such con- 
sonant and the following t. In such cases, wherever practic- 
able, the vowel should be written. This makes the written 
word, tho greatly abbreviated, as legible as tho written in full. 



96 BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 

9. In 2-n is illustrated a termination device used by some 
writers — that of representing- ality by its initial vowel, short a. 
It may be used in such words as brutality, locality, reality, etc. 

10. There is also illustrated in the Lesson the additional pre- 
caution, adopted by some writers, of tapering to a point a 
shaded consonant when made half length to imply a follow- 
ing t. If up to this point you have been careless as to the 
length of the letters in your practice writing, you must now 
train your hand to exactness in this direction and make the 
necessary distinctions in length. While these letters may 
not be made precisely half length they must be made enuf 
shorter than full-length letters so the distinction shall be well 
marked, and enuf longer than the dash vowels so that no un- 
certainty shall arise from this source. To make a dash vowel 
it is only necessary to feel the pen or pencil start in its proper 
direction, moving just far enuf to fix the direction and char- 
acter of the stroke. 

KEY TO LESSON 18. 

1. Beauty built distribute part party appurtenances appa- 

ratus politics political accept. 

2. Liberty captain bankrupt guilt (gilt) guilty legality great- 

ness market court distinct. 

3. Difficult duplicate triplicate recapitulate abut abate about 

habit bought beautiful. 

4. Bottom better blight exhibit corroborate debate debit de- 

liberate tribute liberate. 

5. Celebrate rebate arbitrary apt pit put pet acceptance 

apart operate. 

6. Particle particular partner platform participate purport 

deceptive dispute adopt (adapt) depart. 

7. Desperate kept except corrupt co-operate corporate ex- 

pert (export) script stopped (stepped stooped) stripped. 

8. Shipped (shopped) spot spirit sport (support) separate 

sprout repeat repute report gate (gait). 

9. Aggregate delegate regulate grateful get forget regret 

figurative negative act. 

10. Active actively acute actual crate create cotton catalog 

cottage pact (packed). 

11. Pocket aspect prosecute persecute speculate exact exe- 

cute calculate deduct ticket. 

12. Strict district vacate victim fact affect effect effectual 

defect secret. 

13. Secrete security democrat looked (locked) locate delicate 

elect select reflect erect. 

14. Direct rectify circuit circulate educate reject date vote 

cultivate culvert. 

15. Elevate fit foot fight fruit flight shaft soft fatigue gift. 











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BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 99 



LESSON 19. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 12. 
Write the following - words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 13 and preceding- Lessons: 

1. Speedy spear spark spoon spool Spanish spine spun spur 
spurn spire speechless spiral. 

2. Skein scoop scope skip skiff skim scoff scanty scalp scorn 
scorch scourge sky scowl scour skull (scull) skeleton scurrilous. 

3. Steerage stainless staying stage star starch stows story 
storage stalk sticky stiffen sting stigma stagger staff stew 
studio studious stubborn stubble stumble stupefy stoppage 
steeper steeple steadily steadiness stuff stays stem stamina 
stony stated stench stung stealth stultify stern stitch stimu- 
late stimulus sterile sterling. 

4. Spherical smoky smutty smack smirch smudge smutch 
smuggler sneeze sneer snake snail snowing snore snappish 
snipe snub snob sneak snuff snare snatch snarl. 

5. Sleepy sleeper sleeve (sleave) sliver slay (sleigh) slavery 
slain slaying (sleighing-) sloop sluice slow (sloe) slab slap slag- 
slash slam slumber slums slang slice slime slop slug- slovenly 
slough slung- sledge slouchy. 

6. Sways swathe swain swaying suavity swattfsoiree swarm 
Swiss swine swoon swung- swallow, 

7. Subdue subdivide submerge suburbs sabbath sagacious 
escutcheon sex suck succumb psychic secular sedate seditious 
seduce suddenly settee set-to set-off satin satan satanic sati- 
ety satellite seven savant souvenir severely safety simplify 
seems sums summing sameness somehow summarize sumptu- 
ary sympathize simultaneous Sunday sunrise sensual synony- 
mous sanity sanitary sung sanguine sanguinary sanctity sanct- 
uary salutary. 

8. Surreptitious surpass surplus circus surveyor servitude 
survivor surviving servile surf (serf) surfeit surface surname 
surlom sermon ceremony serenity seriously seriousness surly 
surgeon surgical surgery sorrowful sordid sordidness. 



100 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

9. This Lesson still further illustrates the application to 
consonants of the half-length principle to imply a following- 1. 



KEY TO LESSON 19. 

1. Locality virtue somewhat approximate certificate certify 

notwithstanding remittance witness automatic. 

2. Hereto distinguished substantiate benefit default draft 

(draught) drift lift laughed left. 

3. Swift sheet shut shout appreciate negotiate associate 

suitable desist thoughtful. 

4. Meet (meat mete) mate estimate might (mite) omit sub- 

mit permit admit remit motive. 

5. Promote remote prompt presumptive exempt sometime 

(symptom) sometimes (symptoms) attempt mutual note. 

6. Notify night (knight) unite net absent present pleasant 

paint patent significant. 

7. Exonerate decent (descent) faint (feint fount) front scent 

(sent cent) sentence assent (ascent) senate assassinate 
native. 

8. Scientific anticipate antic (antique) antipathy antagonist 

recent (resent) relent warrant late latent. 

9. Desolate violate light slight (sleight) obsolete absolute 

resolute let lot slot. 

10. Felt fault little ult. ultimate ultimatum result rate arbi- 

trate prorate. 

11. Pro rata ameliorate deteriorate retain pertain ascertain 

pertinent wrote (rote) root (route) rot. 

12. Wrought-iron write (rite wright right) writ written rot- 

ten art article artist start heart (hart). 

13. Ratify exert desert (dessert) dirt assert sort assort dis- 

tort resort escort (skirt). 

14. Retort extort courtesy effort severity virtually virtuous 

short shortest charity. 

15. Exaggerate jet situate-d (saturate-d) await wit sweat 

wheat white what. 









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BUSINESS SHORTHAND, 103 

LESSON 20. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 13. 

Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 14 and preceding- Lessons: 

1. Razor hesitate housed exude hogshead closet desirable 
disarm presidency presidential appraiser non-observance bar- 
barism spasm pauperism presumable dismal methodism dis- 
honor treasonable reprisal chisel unwisely uncivilized usurp 
muzzle denizen venison cognizance miasma mesmerism. 

2. Perspicuity precipitate prospectively cask excusable de- 
cidedly undecided dusty tastily methodist detest deceitfully 
distemper distillery foretaste trusty trustee atrocity majesty 
majestic justice g-esticulate chest chastity chastise. 

3. Bask (basque) beside subsidize subsidiary embassador best 
boast bust beast baste (based) beset breast abreast obesity ab- 
stinence robust subserve placid outpost post-mark pastime 
upset upstairs prestige depressed oppressed oppressor repast 
rapacity keepsake multiplicity aghast ag-gressor glycerine 
flexible tax-payer expedite expostulate exceed crisp crusade 
caustic costly key-stone excite excitable excited exit sixty 
sixteen sexton outcast Christ (crest crust). cursory disbar des- 
picable despise predisposed disparag-e disg-org-e dusky produ- 
cer disrespect disrelish purchaser telescope trespasser notice- 
able forcible rasp recipe respective irrespective respectively 
respectfully forceps risky burlesque rusty rustic restless aris- 
tocracy erased burst versed forest ferocity thirst theorist 
somerset waspish wasteful whist. 



EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

4. Consonant letters, representing- spoken sounds, are made 
half length to imply a following d, without an intervening 
vowel, as in robed, dogged, received, named, send, old board, etc. 
This halving principle is also extended to include consonant 
letters representing whispered sounds, in which cases there 
is a vowel between such letter and the following d, which 
vowel should be written on the end of the halved, light letter 
where practicable. Practically no difficulty is experienced 
in reading from using the half length letters to imply both d 
and t; for, in most cases, but one of the implied letters could 
be used and make a word. 

5. M, n, I and r are shaded when made half length to imply 
a following d. Leaving these letters light when halved to 
imply a following t, and shading them when halved to imply a 
following d, enable us to make distinctions between such 



m BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

words as made and mate, need and neat, laid and late, ride and 
write, etc. The letter ing is never made half length, but this 
shaded, halved character is always nd 

6. 13-r to 15-u gives a short list of words of one syllable in 
which the halved letter is followed by both d and t. There is 
little danger of confusion in reading, as the vowel is written 
and the choice is narrowed down to one of two words. If, 
however, the student is doubtful of his ability to read the 
words in which both letters are so implied, he should write 
the more frequently used word in the abbreviated form and 
the less frequent word in full until practice develops sufficient 
confidence and skill to enable him to use the words as given. 

KEY TO LESSON 20. 

1. Body build building buildings pulled gold called (cold 

killed) credit car-load liquid. 

2. Told toward merchandise remedy beyond referred ordin- 

ary ordinance extraordinary blood. 

3. Breed everybody somebody anybody nobody robbed (robed 

rubbed) pride (pried) proud coupled speed. 

4. Spread rapid guide good goodness gradual degrade regard 

giad gladness. 

5. Could cried crude crowd record sacred cloud preclude ex- 

clude schedule. 

6. Wicked wickedness trade dried saved perceived deceived 

received dissolved resolved. 

7. Preserved deserved freedom classified should shade shed 

shadow shared (assured) made (maid). 

8. Mode (mowed) modest (midst) modify madam (medium) 

formed assumed named behind defend (defined) descend. 

9. End hand loaned (land lend) island send (sand) unsound 

round (rained reigned) around surround reasoned. 

10. Window field gild (guild) hailed old (hold holed) laid (lade) 

led load (lode) loud slide. 

11. Lead keeled skilled seldom rode (road rowed) ride rod bird 

(board bored) burdensome period (peered). 

12. Appeared expired guard card desired afford radical (radi- 

cle ridicule) read (reed) hard cord (chord). 

13. Accord discord third railroad measured wood (would) width 

Bowed (bode boat) bad (bade bat) bed (bet). 

14. Bid (bit) broad (brought) bride (bright) bleed (bleat) paid 

(pate) plaid (plat Platte) played (plate plait) God (got) 
grade (great grate) code (coat). 

15. Dead (debt) treed (treat) stayed (staid state) strayed (strait 

straight) feed (feet feat) fraud (fraught) fried (fright) 
thawed (thought) wide (wight) wade (weighed weight 
wait). 









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BUSINESS SHOBTHAJSTD. 107 



LESSON 21. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 14. 

Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 15 and preceding Lessons: 

1. Blasphemy blossom basin obeisance blessing- bustle obso- 
lete absolve perceive pacify pacific specific capsize disposse^o 
placing- pusillanimous priceless g-ossamer g-uessing- glisten 
grossly aggressive progressive vigorously vexatious unsuc- 
cessful crisis axiom Christmas buxom maxim f ac-simile irk- 
some casing castle excel closely book-seller delusive decease 
dismay dismiss dismantle decimal meddlesome decency dress- 
ing docile disloyal dislodge tossing derisive recess tiresome 
arsenal arsenic pursuance receivable variously prodigiously 
justifiable rejoicing unrighteousness vouchsafe. 

2. Frisky fresco flask serviceable devastate vested diversity 
traversed travesty perversity vivacity anniversary festivity 
fastidious steadfast breakfast deficit felicitate falsity social- 
ist busiest noisiest laziest basest saucer admissible misgiving 
promiscuous namesake misdeed misdemeanor uppermost ut- 
most misty musty chemist mustache molest animosity unmis- 
takable municipality ransack fancied rancid linseed honestly 
sunset tenacity amnesty nicety against nonsuit unsuitable 
unsteady unsightly sincerity unanswerable lisp elucidate en- 
list lustily unbalanced solicitude solicitous largest yeast. 

3. Diffusive facilitate fee-simple phosphorous missive mass- 
ive advantageously humorsome domicil maliciously misnomer 
remorseless unseemly nonsensical nestle unsalable counsel 
council chancellor enslave colossal toilsome loosely fastening 
usefully usefulness. 



EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

4. Straight, consonant letters are made half length and 
ended with a small hook on the right or upper side to imply a 
following ant, ent, and, end. The hook is made on the left or 
under side of half-length, straight consonants, at the end, to 
imply nt, nd, preceded by the other vowels and difthongs. 
The small hook is made in the inside of half-length, curved 



108 BUSI^SS SHORTHAND. 

consonants, at the enA to imply a following- nt, nd, preceded 
by any of the vowel * or vowel-dif thongs, as shown in the Les- 
son. 

KEY TO LESSON 21. 

1. Applicant occupant opponent apprentice penitentiary 

plenty could not can not mercantile subsequent. 

2. Frequent delinquent extravagant accident appointment 

government document acknowledgment bond (bound 
bind) bonds (bounds binds). 

3. Abound abundant blind brand husband abandon opened 

happened pending - depend. 

4. Suspend correspond respond grind (ground) kindness kindly 

second seconds dividend attend. 

5. Attendant pretend turned stand find (found fond fund) re- 

fined (refund) signed (sound) remind examined diamond. 

6. Demand remand returned adjourned appoint disappoint 

aspirant print repent recipient. 

7. Plant (planned) elegant litigant account discount discounts 

client clients vacant don't. 

8. Prudent president (precedent) disobedient evident resi- 

dent attentive assistant event servant affiant. 

9. Patient ancient violent affluent excellent rent apparent 

current agent gentle. 

10. Merchant want (won't) went bend (band bent) penned (pan- 

ned pent pant) pound (point) grand (grant) kind (count) 
kinds (counts) tend (tent). 

11. Extend (extent)distend (distant) friend (front) mind (mount) 

mend (manned meant) amend (amount) mental abutment 
basement establishment. 

12. Apartment disappointment reappointment payment ex- 

periment shipment development supplement appraise- 
ment fragment. 

13. Argument agreement disagreement claimant endowment 

statement treatment settlement astonishment excite- 
ment. 

14. Movement punishment moment amendment amazement 

assessment sentiment assignment announcement post- 
ponement. 

15. Ornament embankment employment measurement assort- 

ment garment element adjustment judgment attach- 
ment. 



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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. Ill 

LESSON 22. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 15. 

Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 16 and preceding- Lessons: 

1. Sprain sprawl spruce sprays sprig-htly sparkle supremely 
supersedeas supercilious supervene superficies superficial su- 
pernumerary superannuated supernal prosperous offspring - . 

2. Escrow scribble ascribe superscribe obscurity scraper 
scrupulous screen secretly execrable. 

3. Strawberry strap stripe outstrip streak stratify strategy 
strategical stratagem strove streamer strenuous strung 
strongly stretched astray astronomy awestruck bestride ab- 
struse obstreperous destroyer administrator administrative 
administratrix frustrate rostrum adjuster registry Chester 
taciturn startle ostrich home-stretch outstretched. 

4. Possibly supposable irrepressible briskly classical exclu- 
sive splash crystal reciprocal disgraceful discourse discursive 
disuse sausage massacre exigency disobliging- displease farci- 
cal forestall forswear persuasive praiseworthy misjudge side- 
saddle wheresoever moisture gesture. 

5. Castigate ecstatic ecstasy extempore extemporize ex- 
temporaneous extensive extinct extrajudicial extirpate ex- 
tricate extremely extremity exterminator extraneous exter- 
nal extrinsic blackest coaxed dextrous textile pretext trick- 
ster text-book stickiest strictest vexed sickest thickest down- 
cast rankest longest luckiest slickest huckster quickest. 



EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 4 

6. Consonant letters are made twice their usual length to 
imply a tr or dr after them. The vowel which comes between 
such letter and the following tr or dr should be written wher- 
ever practicable. 

7. 2-a to 5-e show straight consonants lengthened to imply 
tr; 2-n to u show a double-length k ending with a small hook 
on the upper side for counter; 5-i-m show straight letters doub- 
led to imply dr, the r in the former being shaded to distin- 
guish rdr from rtr, and 5-n-o-r show three straight letters 
lengthened and shaded at the end to imply a following tlier. 

8. 5-u to 11-u show curved consonants made twice their 
usual length to imply a following tr, and 12-a to 15-a show 



112 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

curved letters made double length to imply a following- dr. 
M, n and I are shaded when made double length to imply dr, 
to distinguish them from the same letters when lengthened 
to imply tr 

9, In a few words, 15-c to u, curved consonants are made 
three times their usual length to imply a following thr, either 
spoken or whispered. Their, there may be expressed, when fol- 
lowing words ending with a curved letter, by making such 
curved letter three times its usual length. For examples see 
Reading and Writing Exercises. 

KEY TO LESSON 22. 

1. Builder prohibitory tributary proprietor splendor prepon- 

derance spectator meritorious hundred intermediate. 

2. Operator reporter chapter poultry greater (grater grader) 

counterbalance counteract counterfeit countersign en- 
counter. 

3. Actor collector speculator prosecutor executor doctor 

doctrine introductory victory factory. 

4. Satisfactory unsatisfactory elector character director au- 

ditor auditorium writer arbitrator territory. 

5. Charter refrigerator water order powder rather weather 

(wether wither) whether (whither) moderator after. 

6. Afternoon afterward softer laughter rafter voter veteran 

elevator shatter Easter. 

7. Oyster history catastrophe faster (foster) sister disaster 

solicitor depositor repository theater. 

8. Meter matter mature armature maturity material mor- 

tar diameter later latter. 

9. Letter lighter alternate alter (altar halter) illiterate lit- 

erature adulterate defaulter smelter enter. 

10. Entertain center senator niter (entire) notary interrupt 

interpret interrogatory interrogative intercourse. 

11. Intersect introduce intercede interest interesting inter- 

view interfere internal interchange interstate. 

12. Under undergo undertake understand understanding un- 

derstood undersigned undersell underneath underlay. 

13. Underwriter undervalue binder blunder (blinder) plunder 

tender cylinder render wonder (wander) endorse. 

14. Endorsement endorser slender surrender hindrance federal 

leader older (holder) moderate moderately. 

15. Murder father (farther further) neither (nether) another 

mother smother leather anthracite philanthropy phil- 
anthropist. 



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BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 115 



LESSON 23. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 16. 

Write the following - words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson IT and preceding- Lessons: 

1. Aspen asperse asperity acidity assiduous ascetic astute 
assuming assembly asleep assay acerbity oasis iceberg Isaac 
isothermal isinglass Israel asparagus bonanza erase Austin 
allspice Osborn ostensible ostentatious galaxy gazette piazza 
prosaic morass ossify puissant pursuer raciness rosette whip- 
saw tea-spoon. 

2. Sess-pool assisted assassin possessor abscess business- 
like subsist presses synopsis guesses Grossest accessory vexes 
fixes mixes predecessor dissimilar dissimilarity trusses vicis- 
situdes fences fancies synthesis enthusiast paroxysm senses 
essences glimpses molasses analysis diagnosis amanuensis 
Genesis necessitate ancestor ancestry ancestral unseasona- 
ble unnecessary forces horses persist resuscitate resistless 
irresistible uses yes sir. 

3. Bounce semblance exuberance forbearance turbulence 
pounce dispenses suspense corpulence expanse responses re- 
sponsive irresponsible appearances non-appearance re-appear- 
ance g-lances fragrance flagrance repugnance askance trucu- 
le-nce recurrence dense dunce guidance credence evidences 
diffidence durance endurance residences tense trance trances 
utterance substances subsistence pittance pre-existence non- 
existence penitence entrance remonstrances non-resistance 
reverence deference adherence tolerance weakness luxuri- 
ance divergence perchance. 



EXPLANATION OP PRINCIPLES. 

•4. The use of a small hook for n in some short and frequent 
words and in some longer words of less frequency, as shown, 
where its use does not lessen the legibility, adds considerably 
to the ease and speed of writing. In 3-o to u the hook is used 
to advantage for Ten. The distinction between man and men, 
lines four and five, will be found useful, not only in the single 
words but in the derivatives and' compounds. 12-o-r-s illus- 
trate a way of expressing ndr, used by some writers. 

5. 13-a to 14-u show the use of a small hook on the right or 
upper side of straight consonants and inside of curves, at the 



116 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

end of the word-form, to express the termination yun (ion, une); 
it occurs in but few words, which are readily mastered. 

6. 15-a to u show w shaded to imply a following- rd. 

7. In line 4 and following-, pag-e 118, is a brief hook-method of 
expressing the word one following- a few short, frequently oc- 
curring- words. Thus are formed some very common, quickly 
spoken frases, which must have very easily and quickly made 
forms to represent them. This method of representing- one 
should be confined to a small list of frequent f rases, as given, 
anl no attempt made to represent the word as it occurs gen- 
erally, in this way. 

KEY TO LESSON 23. 

I. Obtain opinion explain begin begins began again organ 

suggestion question. 
2 Questions decline scrutiny turn return seen (scene) since 
monopoly manufacture testimony. 

3. Cross-examine certain one (won) western children when 

broken spoken taken reckon. 

4. Man business-man bondsman policeman express-man sales- 

man fireman woman workman gentleman. 

5. Men business-men bondsmen policemen express-men sales- 

men firemen women workmen gentlemen. 

6. Money (many) manipulate mankind mendicant mandate 

mendacious mandamus maintains (mountains) mainte- 
nance minute. 
T. Monetary maintain (mountain) mountainous monotony 
meantime manifest manufactory manful menace mon- 
ster (minister). 

8. Month minimum eminent eminence mineral manila exam- 

ine specimen determine culminate. 

9. Criminate discriminate predominate terminate extermi- 

nate nominate acrimonious parsimonious terminus har- 
monious. 

10. Harmonize menial criminal testimonial ceremonial nomi- 

nal manliness prominent permanent pre-eminent. 

II. Prominence permanence pre-eminence remain human 

chairman mistaken certainty certainly uncertain. 

12. Questionable questioned cross-question southern northern 

modern reminder remainder calender (calendar) than. 

13. Tribune exhaustion Christian digestion Italian onion un- 

ion disunion dominion genuine. 

14. Pinion canon (canyon) alien alienate bullion rebellion ci- 

vilian million fortune unfortunate. 

15. Word (ward wired) award warden backward awkward up- 

ward onward downward reward wayward. 



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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 119 

LESSON 24. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 17. 

Write the following" words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 18 and preceding- Lessons: 

1. Beautify bottomless verbatim steamboat thereabouts 
whereabouts roundabout debatable exorbitance British elab- 
orate vibrate brighten (Brighton) brightens brightness tablet. 

2. Bankrupt precept skipped skeptical carpet petulance 
pulpit optimist capitulate proscriptive descriptive post-script 
dipped tipped tapped tripped trapped stooped shaped accept- 
able despotism receptive receptacle respite susceptible exas- 
perate recuperate protuberance forepart mapped snapped 
leaped slipped sloped slept exculpate reaped rapt (wrapped 
wrapt rapped) disreputable abrupt perpetual swept swapped 
operative co-operative culprit partisan copartner sea-port 
portable purport perceptible perceptive split replete exploit. 

3. Forgetful forgotten emigrate regretfully promulgate 
navigate irrigate corrugate abrogate mitigate propagate ob- 
ligate subjugate gratify gratis gratitude gratuitous gritty. 

4. Ached activity backed booked biscuit basket abdicate lu- 
bricate musket musquito overcoat re-enact actually bucketful 
bracket poked picket packet reciprocate casket coquet tick- 
et-office exactness kicked cooked predict docked docket via- 
duct edict addicted talked tact (tacked) stocked tracked (tract) 
spectacle verdict effective effectually defective disinfect fic- 
titious suffocate afflict fluctuate flocked socket sect dissect 
skate Scotland scout skittish discreet (discrete) knocked vin- 
dictive vindicate syndicate precinct succinct defunct sanctum 
sanctify punctual leaked licked blanket dislocate medicate 
mulct raked erect racket react architect rocket circuitous 
recruit eradicate derelict walked decorate critic criticism 
chocolate desecrate accurate courteous practicable practical. 



EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

5. 2-c to vl, zr, sr are represented by the circle and r, not by 
the hooked z and s as in the case of compounds of the r-series. 
This leaves the hooked z and s unused unless taken to repre- 
sent some other combinations. They are used to represent 
the rather infrequent consonant dif thongs dw and tw, as shown. 

6. 3-a to 7-u, in English the sound zh seldom occurs except 
in connection with n, I and r, in which cases compound char- 
acters are used to represent the two sounds. Because of this 
the character, in its alfabetic form, is used to represent the 



120 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

two sounds rw", shortening - some very frequent words and not 
endangering" the legibility. 

7. 8-a to 13-u, neither k nor w could be further modified to 
represent the consonant dif thong qu {lew), so another charac- 
ter, th with the curve downward, was taken, it being in the 
same direction as k and not used in any modification of the th. 
This hooked character is halved to imply d and t, lengthened 
to imply dr and tr, shaded (12-s to 13-e) to imply a following 
r, and the hook enlarged to imply a following I, tho in the lat- 
ter case the large-hooked character is usually made with the 
curve upward, as shown, the joinings being better and no mod- 
ification of the th requiring this form. This large-hooked 
character is shaded for qrl, 13-u 

8. 14-a to u show a large-hooked / for prf. 

9. 15-a to u show a large-hooked v for prv, 

KEY TO LESSON 24. 

1. Example temporary important importance longer ade- 

quate exquisite equivocal equivalent equity. 

2. Relinquish dwell between twig twit twice twist twine 

(twain) twins twitch. 

3. Angel enjoy enjoyment enjoin (engine) engineer unjust in- 

justice ingenuity ingenious injudicious. 

4. Pungent plunge sponge expunge cringe coinage dingy 

dungeon derange tinge, 

5. Tangible tangent stingy strange (estrange) estranged 

stringent (astringent) vengeance avenge revenge fringe. 

6. Flange manage manageable management mismanage un- 

manageable lunge longitude range arrange. 

7. Arrangement disarrange orange syringe hinge unhinge 

change changed unchangeable exchange. 

8. Quibble quake quack quick quicksilver quicker (quaker) 

quickly quietly quoth quiver (quaver). 

9. Quaff quash quizzing quest qualm queen quench quinine 

quondam quantity. 

10. Quilt queer query (quarry) quart quote quota quit quite 

quiet quietus. 

11. Quitclaim quaint (acquaint) acquainted acquaintance 

equip equipage acquisitive acquittal acquiesce be- 
queathe. 

12. Bequest obsequies squeamish squander eloquent soliloquy 

requisite perquisite quire (choir acquire) acquirement. 

13. Require square (esquire) quarter equal quality (equality) 

qualify unequal unqualified squalid quarrel. 

14. Proof profit profitable proficient preface profess profound 

profile prefer reproof. 
L5. Prove provoke providence provide private previous pre- 
vent prevail privilege deprive. 



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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 133 

LESSON 25. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 18. 

Write the following" words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 19 and preceding Lessons: 

1. Sedate dot adroit taut (taught) tight veto pivot velvet 
deviate aggravate renovate vertical revert revolt captivate 
outfit fitful afoot foot-path footstep graft forfeit shift theft 
pamphlet uplift raft frig-hten frightful fleet flat. 

2. Bushed abashed upshot pushed propitiate expatiate ex- 
cruciating depreciate cashed crushed dashed vitiate finished 
nourished nauseate substantiate enunciate satiate balance- 
sheet rushed washed sate soot epithet pathetic sympathetic 
thoughtless forethought. 

3. Climate tomato mismate animate permeate metaphysics 
mat smite mute mutable affirmative legitimate illegitimate 
amalgamate problematical sumptuous systematically system- 
atize mitigate dogmatic diplomatic manumit pneumatic. 

4. Bank-note naught nut tonight finite fortnight donate 
procrastinate fascinate exuberant accent identical talent 
student fanatic fantastic frontage flint fluent defiant definite 
salient silent stagnant covenant lunatic lenient vaccinate 
slant rant resonant retentive recently pursuant unwarranta- 
ble walnut giant adjacent fraudulent abstinent obstinate re- 
munerate generate unregenerate. 

5. Elate palliate affiliate belittle ballet allot assault outlet 
ballot-box gas-light absolutely dissolute pollute exult exalt 
polite enlighten salute dilute litigate toilet afloat. 

6. Perforate first-rate exhilarate irritable parrot puritanic 
opportune pertinacious pertinacity overrate retinue reticent 
reticence ratify writing upright outright artificial artisan 
artful vertical avert subvert pervert outskirt curtain forti- 
tude theoretical smart ascertain courteous uncharitable un- 
wittingly witticism eye-witness weighty outwit fluctuate. 



EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

7. The prefix com is a light dash made in the direction of k 
or r. 2-a to 5-n show com written in the direction of fr; 5-o-r 
show com written in the direction of r, downward; 5-s to 6-n, 
in the direction of r, upward, and 6-o to 7-o show how the 
compound prefixes accom, discom, encum, noncom and recom are 
written. 

8. Con, meaning the same as com and not being" used before 
the same letters, is expressed by the same light dash without 
danger of confusion. 7-r to 10-s show con written in the di- 
rection of k\ 10-u to 13-a show con written in the direction of 
r, downward; 13-c to u show con written upward, and 14-a to s 
show how the compound prefixes discon, uncon, miscon, recon 



m BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

and econ are written, the prefix taking- either of the three di- 
rections that will make the best joining - . 

9. 14-u to 15-c show how the prefix contri is written and 
15-e to n show how contra is written. These prefixes are com- 
posed of con and the vowel which occurs in the prefix written 
on its end in the form of a hook. 

10. 15-o-r-s show how the prefix magni is written and 15-u 
shows the form of the prefix magna, these prefixes being com- 
posed of the letter m ending with the vowel which occurs in 
the prefix written in the form of a small hook. 

KEY TO LESSON 25. 

1. Company accomplish circumstance continue convenient 

convenience conspicuous consecutive consequence econ- 
omy. 

2. Combat combatant combustion combine combined cum- 

bersome compete compute compact competitive. 

3. Competitor competent compose composed compound com- 

panion compensate composure comprise compare. 

4. Comparatively compel comply complete completely com- 

plicate compliment (complement) complain complained 
(complaint) commit. 

5. Committee comfort command commander commercial 

commerce commodious commodity common common- 
sense. 

6. Comment commend communicate community commence 

commencement accompany accompaniment accommo- 
date discommode. 

7. Discomfiture discomfort encumbrance uncomfortable non- 

combatant noncommittal recommend Congress conquer 
(concur) concrete. 

8. Conclude conclusive controversy contrast control converse 

convert confer conference confirm. 

9. Confront conflict conscious conscience conceal conspire 

consequently consider construct concise. 

10. Consist consistent consume consummate conciliate (consu- 

late) consult conservative concern concerned concave. 

11. Connect conduct conductor condemn continuance content 

(contend) contest contain contempt contemplate. 

12. Convey convict convince (conveyance) confide confidence 

confident confuse conform confine confess. 

13. Confound concede constant constitute consign consignee 

consignment consignor consigned consent. 

14. Discontinue discontinuance discontent unconscious mis- 

construe reconcile economical economize political-econ- 
omy contribute. 

15. Contributor contrive contraband contract contractor con- 

trary magnitude magnify magnificent magnet. 



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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 127 

LESSON 26. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 19. 

Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 20 and preceding- Lessons: 

1. Abode abide obeyed obedience badly bedside bed-time 
bedroom broad-gauge broadside forbid mobbed embody mor- 
bid abroad bread (bred) breadth sea-board labored bled cabled 
doubled enabled labeled rebuild rebuilding troubled bridewell 
stupidity rapidity repaid spade jeopardize peopled post-paid 
explode dry-goods begged dogged lugged rig-ged jagged bri- 
gade renegade safeguard disregard gradually gladly languid 
kidnap decadence naked screwed accrued sacred recorder 
credible credulous tickled tackled blockade corrode viewed 
vowed void paved pervade waved (waived) loved lived unavoid- 
able vivid unreserved food fed. 

2. Maiden midnight medical medicine mad mediate media- 
tor meditate remedial medicinal formidable reformed reme- 
dial boomed palmed calmed doomed deemed teemed (teamed) 
timed timid seemed (seamed) alarmed roamed resumed ru- 
mored roomed warmed hemmed dismayed mood amidst tamed 
ashamed owned bandage disband bondage brand coined ex- 
pand feigned ascend ascendency sandwich thousand landlord 
round ruined earned ironed renowned wind (wined) wound. 

3. Ailed oiled gild (guild) coiled toiled field sealed (ceiled) 
sailed mailed mild nailed reeled mislead laudable overload ap- 
palled failed fold eldest unrivaled unruffled. 

4. Hardy rude (rood) reduce dared deride attired towered 
forehead orchard redeem raid red (read) erred arrayed ardu- 
ous radical ridicule ridiculous readily riddance radiance rid- 
ing- redundance redound ordain absurd absurdity blizzard par- 
don poured (pored) periodical parade geared garden g-ardener 
coward cordage feared fired cheered charred billiards vine- 
yard yard-stick weed wedding widow wooden headache head- 
ing headway childhood persuade dissuade. 

. 5. Bead (beat beet) abed (abet) bide (bite) brood (brute bruit) 
pad (pat) pod (pot) plead (pleat) plod (plot) plied (plight) spied 
(spite) goad (goat) greed (greet) cawed (caught) kid (kit) cud 
(cut) cod (cot) clod (clot) tide (tied tight) trod (trot) Fred (fret) 
shod (shot) seed (cede seat) sawed (sought) sod (sot) sued (suit) 
thread (threat) Swede (sweet suite). 



128 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

6. The letter m is used for the prefix im, 3-c to 6-r, except 
when im is followed by m, in which case we write the vowel i 
(short) and one m, 6-s to 7-e. 

7. The prefix in is represented by the vowel i (short), the 
same as the word-sign in, 7-i to 14-c. 

8. 14 -e to 15-a, d is omitted from the prefix ad, before v. 

9. 15-i to u, tr with the circle on the upper or under side, as 
more convenient in joining-, is used for the prefix trans. 

KEY TO LESSON 26. 

1. Iniquity inclusive indignant indulgence indispensable in- 

debted independent individual integrity intoxicate, 

2. Intelligence investigate influence inspect inward influen- 

tial insolvency immediate immediately impertinence. 

3. Immortal imbibe impecunious impudent impudence impe- 

tus impotent impotence imperfect impartial. 

4. Impatient impose imposing impostor impossible imposture 

impute impenitent impulse imperil (imperial). 

5. Impeach improbable improper impracticable imprudent 

impart imperative impress impressive imprison. 

6. Improve improvement imply implicate implicit implore 

imitate image immigrate immodest. 

7. Immaterial immense immoral inhabit income increase in- 

corporate incredulous incline inclined. 

8. Include inclose inclosure inadequate indifferent indiffer- 

ence indefinite inducement indistinct Indian, 

9. Indeed indictment indulgent (indigent) indenture industry 

independence indicate intimate intend (intent) intellect. 

10. Intolerant interior intelligent superintend invest invest- 

ment invoice invent inform infant (infinite). 

11. Inferior inference infringe inflict inflame inspector inex- 

perienced insignificance inside incident. 

12. Institute instant instruct instrument insert insist innocent 

inasmuch insult inmate. 

13. Injure insure insured insurance inquest inquire inherit 

incumbrance incompetent incomplete. 

14. Inconsistent reinforce advocate advise advisable advice 

advance adverse adversity adversary. 

15. Adventure advertise advertisement transpire transport 

transact transfer transgress transmit translate. 



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BUSINESS SHOBTHAKD. 131 



LESSON 27. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 20. 

Write the following words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 21 and preceding- Lessons: 

1. Blend abandoned pendant pendulum append appendix ap- 
pendage dependent depends despondent stipend stupendous 
expend resplendent tendency attending extending secondly 
secondary offend friendliness tremendous discerned boundary 
boundless kindred mindful unbounded superabundance pro- 
pound groundless grounded aground background foreground 
astounding sounding soundness soundly respondent abscond 
reprimand outstanding standard withstand restrained. 

2. Absorbent turbulent jubilant sapient suppliant repent- 
ant unrepentant repents serpent printing ill-spent well-spent 
plentiful plaintive spontaneous participant identify identity 
dentist expedient miscreant supplicant obedient accidental 
evidently verdant provident diffident non-resident anteced- 
ents potent retentive protestant distant persistent ventilate 
fervent relevant patiently transient assailant gallant authen- 
tic rental parent uncurrent diligent urgently sergeant enchant 
countenance accounting accountable discountenance reluc- 
tantly subsequently frequently surmount tantamount ada- 
mant dormant rudiment re-appoint belligerent romantic. 

3. Abasement debasement escapement reshipment elope- 
ment temperament deportment augment segment misgovern- 
ment predicament enactment sediment testament enlistment 
misstatement detriment maltreatment pavement achieve- 
ment defacement foment fulfillment fundamental punishment 
nourishment refreshment easement cement memento momen- 
tum momentous momentary merriment firmament armament 
abandonment aggrandizement adornment tenement atone- 
ment attainment refinement renouncement annulment align- 
ment enlightenment discernment environment ointment sen- 
timent presentment resentment embezzlement ailment allot- 
ment lament enlargement raiment preferment retirement 
disbursement re-imbursement embarrassment re-enforcement 
embellishment torment enrollment abridgement disparage- 
ment engagement encouragement discouragement lodgment 
regiment detachment enrichment. 



13* BUSINESS SHOHTHAND. 

EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

4. In this system it is the practice to express the termina- 
tion shn by writing - the vowel which immediately precedes 
the shn, and omitting" the shn. Thruout this Lesson all the 
words end with a implying that shn follows — ation. 

KEY TO LESSON 27. 

1. Population application occupation specifications examin- 

ation organization classification conversation intoxica- 
tion justification. 

2. Taxation demonstration liquidation importation simplifi- 

cation approximation explanation alienation certifica- 
tion generation. 

3. Publication probation (approbation) corroboration delib- 

eration vibration liberation celebration patience dissi- 
pation representation. 

4. Operation co-operation corporation separation inspira- 

tion appropriation participation anticipation accepta- 
tion expectation (expiation i. 

5. Desperation expiration exportation exploration multipli- 

cation stipulation congregation corrugation significa- 
tion instigation 

6. Immigration mitigation navigation inauguration nega- 

tion interrogation obligation delegation allegation liti- 
gation. 

7. Regulation irrigation subjugation complication specula- 

tion implication occasion dedication vacation (voca- 
tion) avocation. 

8. Identification confiscation modification qualification re- 

laxation annexation vindication communication loca- 
tion allocation. 

9. Falsification education creation decoration calculation 

declaration circulation indication accommodation du- 
ration. 

10. Foundation consideration continuation notation reputa- 

tion invitation station hesitation illustration solicita- 
tion. 

11. Administration registration excavation cultivation ele- 

vation privation observation preservation appreciation 
association. 

12. Denunciation civilization equalization capitalization com- 

pensation sensation proclamation formation informa- 
tion estimation. 

13. Moderation nation combination resignation destination 

nomination determination discrimination imagination 
presentation. 

14. Recommendation alteration violation consolation (concil- 

iation) desolation accumulation ration arbitration as- 
piration preparation. 

15. Deterioration toleration variation transportation rela- 

tion realization demoralization legislation generaliza- 
tion quotation. 



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BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 135 

LESSON 28. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 21. 

Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 22 and preceding Lessons: 

1. Bitter battery rebutter debater blotter betterment re- 
peater preternatural patronize patronage separator petrify 
putrid patriot patriotism pattern spatter. 

2. Navigator derog-atory glitter regulator bigotry counter- 
part countersink countermand crater decorator creator ca- 
ter educator cauterize contradictory victorious factor male- 
factor benefactor manufactory scatter protector calculator 
reflector rectory instructor criterion. 

3. Mediator daughter editor creditor detrimental laudatory 
traitor straighter testator testatrix agitator tighter tutor 
orator laboratory rotary retrospect barter porter deserter 
importer waiter water-power water-course water-works wa- 
ter-main water-proof embroider recorder ardor disorder rud- 
der rider border boarder. 

4. Thereafter swifter fetter fraternal cultivator shutter 
depositor visitor eastern suitor blister pastor plaster prepos- 
terous catastrophe caster (castor) cluster master muster pay- 
master minister monster ministry monastery. 

5. Motor ammeter premature prematurely barometer ma- 
terialist materialize materialism matrimonial maternal me- 
tropolis metropolitan prompter promotor gas-meter diameter 
tempter smatter symmetry tormenter mortar amateur ele- 
mentary quarter quarter-master. 

6. Entertainment enterprise nutriment nutritious notoriety 
entirely printer planter splinter grantor eccentric frontier 
volunteer lantern winter hunter interpreter interrogate in- 
terested literal literary flatter slaughter shelter. 

7. Fodder shudder cedar cider murderous moderator under- 
bid underpinning underground undertaken undertone under- 
score misunderstand undermine suspender provender founder 
foundry engender sunder asunder thunder surrender. 

8. Motherly mother-in-law motherless smoother lather nor- 
thern southern southerly furthermore misanthropy. 



EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 



9. This Lesson further illustrates the method of expressing 
shn, 2-c to 5-c show the way ishn, izhn are written — the vowel 
i (short), usually in the form of a hook, on the end of the pre- 
ceding consonant. 5-a-c, acquisition, requisition, are written 
irregularly to secure more facile outlines. 5-e to r show how 



13G BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

ooshn, oozhn are written, and 5-s to 6-e show how ewshn is writ- 
ten, the single-stroke vowel oo being - preferred where it will 
join. 6-i shows how aution is written, 6-m to vl show how oshn, 
ozhn are written, 7-a to m show how ashn is written, and 7-u 
to s show how eeshn, eezhn are written. 

10. When there is no vowel immediately before the shn, or 
the vowel will not join readily, to imply the shn, then shn is 
expressed by means of a large hook on the riglit or upper side 
of straight consonants and inside of curves, 7-u to 12-i. 

11. A larg-e hook on the upper side of d, t and j, at the end, 
expresses a following- kshn, 12-m to 13-u. 

12. The letters bi are used for the termination bility, 14-a-u. 

13. The termination ship is represented by sh, 15-a to u. 

KEY TO LESSON 28. 

1. Proportion inspection description inscription situation 

perfection satisfaction machine recognition valuation. 

2. Inflation ambition exhibition suspicion commission collis- 

ion addition condition expedition petition. 

3. Competition partition politician superstition electrician 

division provision position opposition composition. 

4. Deposition imposition proposition disposition precision 

decision omission submission permission admission. 

5. Acquisition requisition contribution confusion profusion 

pollution resolution revolution prosecution persecution. 

6. Execution destitution constitution caution explosion com- 

motion devotion motion promotion notion. 

7. Passion compassion dispassionate fashion fashionable com- 

pletion accretion secretion adhesion objection. 

8. Subjection option corruption adoption deception excep- 

tion reception interruption impression suppression. 

9. Expression progression transgression action transaction 

connection discussion section correction collection. 

10. Affection friction (fraction) reflection discretion excur- 

sion election selection possession exemption redemption. 

11. Suspension attention intention convention mention sanc- 

tion distinction junction injunction portion. 

12. Exertion assertion extortion distortion seduction produc- 

tion reduction introduction jurisdiction contradiction. 

13. Direction attraction protection retraction obstruction ex- 

traction destruction construction instruction projection. 

14. Ability possibility plausibility responsibility respectabil- 

ity susceptibility capability credibility accountability 
liability. 

15. Membership secretaryship clerkship courtship fellowship 

receivership friendship township citizenship relation- 
ship. 



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BUSINESS SHOBTBAND. 139 



LESSON 29. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 22. 

Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 23 and preceding - Lessons: 

1. Albumen acumen vermin regimen calumny alimony cer- 
emony omnibus amenable omnipotent monopolize monopolist 
monogamy monogram demoniac monomaniac almanac mne- 
monics monied mandatory mundane mendacity promenade 
lemonade emanate minutely recriminate dominate dissemi- 
nate effeminate eliminate illuminate fulminate germinate 
ruminate laminated solemnity. 

2. Manifesto manifestly manifold munificence omniscience 
omniscient solemnize sermonize menace ominous bituminous 
ignominious sanctimonious luminous aluminous voluminous 
reminiscence reminiscent necromancy clemency monthly som- 
nambulist monument aluminum remnant terminal criminality 
nominally womanly womanliness seminary monarch miniature 
brakeman penman postman countryman milkman freeman 
brakemen penmen postmen countrymen milkmen freemen 
freshman tradesman seedsman statesman kinsman townsman 
freshmen tradesmen seedsmen statesmen kinsmen townsmen 
seaman madman foreman clergyman journeyman juryman, 
seamen madmen foremen clergymen journeymen jurymen. 

3. Lengthen lengthened uncertainty whenever whensoever 
whence north-western south-western unquestionable unques- 
tioned unquestioning- cross-questioned questioner obtainable 
opinionated beginning- turns returnable returns manufactur- 
ing- manufactured. 

4. Medallion battalion millionaire pavilion vermilion valiant 
reunion fortunate unfortunately misfortune. Wording re- 
warding - by-word pass-word catch-word eastward westward 
northward southward leeward windward watchword. 



EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

5. No new principles of writing- or abbreviation are intro- 
duced in this Lesson, but some of those already presented are 
applied in the formation of names of towns, cities, railroad 
points, etc. Names of persons and places should be so fully 



140 BUSINESS SHORTHAND. 

written that there shall be no uncertainty or guess-work in 
reading. Writers of this system do not need to use longhand 
at all in any kind of writing unless it is as an aid in memoriz- 
ing peculiarly or uncommonly spelled names. Frequently oc- 
curring names may be abbreviated as freely as other words, 
in ordinary work, but in correspondence, records, etc., for an- 
other to read, all words should be so fully written as to be un- 
equivocal. 

KEY TO LESSON 29. 

1. Albany Albion Alexandria Alton Ashland Arlington 

Atchison Auburn Augusta Austin. 

2. Baltimore Bangor Batavia Bellaire Beloit Belvidere 

Bennington Berlin Bethlehem Bismarck. 

3. Bloomington Boston Bristol Brooklyn Burlington Cam- 

bridge Cairo Charleston Chicago Cincinnati. 

4. Cleveland Columbus Council Bluffs Clinton Davenport 

Denver Des Moines Detroit Duluth El Paso. 

5. Elgin Fall River Fargo Florence Fond du Lac Fort Scott 

Fort Wayne Fort Worth Franklin Freeport. 

6. Fulton Galveston Geneva Gettysburg Glasgow Galesburg 

Grand Rapids Green Bay Halifax Hanover. 

7. Harrisburg Havana Hartford Helena Hebron Houston 

Hudson Hyde Park Indianapolis Iowa City. 

8. Jackson Jamestown Jefferson Jersey City Joliet Kansas 

City Keokuk Key West Kingston Knoxville. 

9. La Crosse Lafayette Lawrence Leadville Leavenworth 

Lebanon Louisville Lexington Lisbon Lincoln. 

10. Little Rock Lockport Los Angeles Madison Manchester 

Memphis Milwaukee Minneapolis Nashville New Orleans 

11. Newport Niagara Falls Oakland Ogden Oswego Ottawa 

Omaha Palestine Paris Paterson. 

12. Peoria Peru Philadelphia Pittsburg Plymouth Portland 

Portsmouth Princeton Quincy Raleigh, 

13. Richmond Rockford Sacramento St. Joseph St. Louis 

St. Paul Salem Salt Lake San Diego San Francisco. 

14. Santa Fe Saratoga Springfield Stillwater Syracuse Toledo 

Topeka Toronto Trenton Tucson. 

15. Utica Vicksburg Warsaw Wilmington West Point Wheel- 

ing Windsor Winchester Winona Worcester. 



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BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 143 

LESSON 30. 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 23. 

Write the following - words in accordance with the principles 
Taistrated and explained in Lesson 24 and preceding- Lessons: 

1. Dwight dwindle dwarf boudoir tweed twaddle tweezers 
twinkle twill twilight twirl twitter. 

2. Angelic enjoyable steam-engine fire-engine engineering- 
ungenerous injudiciously pungency sponged grange tinged 
strangely estrangement revengeful sing-e manag-ed misman- 
agement lozenge longevity ranged arranged disarrangement 
changeable exchanged exchangeable. 

3. Quip quicksand quackery quietude quashed quizzical 
quartet equable equipment equidistant aqueduct equinox 
equanimity aquatic obloquy ubiquity obsequious earthquake 
colloquy squaw squat squabble squad squeak squash squeeze 
sequence squint propinquity vanquish eloquence loquacious 
requital prerequisite. 

4. Acquires acquired quarantine quorum querulous squirm 
required requirement aquarium. Quail quell equally equilib- 
rium qualified qualifiedly equalize unequally tranquillity tran- 
quilize squeal squally squalor colloquial disqualified. Quar- 
rels quarrelsome quarreling squirrel. 

5. Prefix profitably unprofitable prophetic prophecy proph- 
esy proficiency profane profanity profoundly profligate pre- 
ferment preferable preference preferential fire-proof. Dis- 
prove reprove provokingly provident providential depraved 
deprived depravity privateer proviso privacy previously prov- 
ince provincial prevalence proverbial prevaricate. 



EXPLANATION OF PRINCIPLES. 

6. No new principles of writing or abbreviation are intro- 
duced in this Lesson, but those already presented are used in 
writing names of days and months, of states and countries and 
of express and railroad companies. In most of the names of 
railroad and express companies only initials are given, as being 
sufficiently definite, because of frequent occurrence, in ordin- 
ary work. When initials are used in the notes and the fully 
spelled out name must appear in the transcript, this may be 
indicated by underscoring the initials. Care should also be 



M BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. 

taken to correctly express the corporate name, whether a 
railroad or a railway company. 

KEY TO LESSON 30. 

1. Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 

Saturday January February March. 

2. April May June July August September October Novem- 

ber December New-year's-day. 

3. Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas Connecticut Califor- 

nia Colorado Delaware Florida Georgia. 

4. Illinois Indiana Indian Territory Idaho Iowa Kansas Ken- 

tucky Louisiana Maine Massachusetts. 

5. Michigan Missouri Mississippi Montana Minnesota Mary- 

land New Hampshire New York New Jersey New Mexico. 

6. Nebraska Nevada North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Or- 

egon Oklahoma Pennsylvania Rhode Island So. Dakota. 

7. South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Vermont 

Wyoming Washington West Virginia Wisconsin. 

8. North America South America Central America Canada 

Newfoundland Nova Scotia New Brunswick Ontario 
Quebec New England. 

9. Mexico Manitoba Cuba Hayti Porto Rico Philippines Ha- 

waii Japan China Australia. 

10. Adams Express, Adams Express Company; American Ex- 

press, Am. Ex. Co.; National Express, Nat'l Ex. Co.: 
Northern Pacific Express, N. P. Ex. Co.; Pacific Express, 
Pac. Ex. Co. 

11. United States Express, U. S. Ex. Co.: Wells Fargo & Go's 

Express, Dom. Ex. Co., Southern Express, S'n Ex. Co.; 
Great Northern Express, G't N. Ex. Co. ; Western Union 
Telegraph Company, Postal Telegraph Company. 

12. A. T. & S. F. Ry.. B. & O. R. R., B. & A. R. R., B. & M. 

R. R., Can. Pac. Ry,, Ches. & O. Ry., C. & A. R. R., 

C. & G. T. Ry., C. & N-W. Ry., C. B. & Q. R. R. 

13. C. M. & St. P. Ry., C. R. I. & P. Ry., D. L. & W. R. R., 

D. & H. R. R., D. & R. G. R. R., Erie R. R., G. N. Ry., 
I. C. R. R., L. S. & M. S. Ry., Lehigh Valley R. R. 

14. L. & N. R. R., M. C. R. R., N. Y. & N. E. R. R., N. Y. C. 

& H. R. R. R., N. Y. N. H. & H. R. R., N. P. Ry., O. R. 
& N. Co., P. M. S. S. Co., Penna. Co., Penna. R. R. 

15. P. & R. Ry., P. W. & B. R. R. Plant System, P. P. C. Co., 

S. P. Co., T. & P. Ry., U. P. Ry., W. P. C Co., Wabash 
R. R, Wis. Cen. R. R. 










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BUSINESS SHOBTHAND. U7 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 24. 

Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 25 and preceding Lessons: 

1. Combative combustible compactly compactness compe- 
tence compositor composer component competing compatible 
comparison compress compressing compromise comparative 
compartment compelled complex complexity complicate com- 
plicity completeness complains compliance compliment (com- 
plement) complimentary complacent (complaisant) compla- 
cency compulsory committed committal commute comforta- 
ble comforting comforter commiserate commissary commem- 
orate comrade commandant commandment. Comedy com- 
monly commonwealth commenced commencing commensur- 
ately communicated communist communism commentaries 
commentator commending commendable commendatory. 

2. Accomplished accomplishment accomplice decomposed 
discomposure encumber encumbered unencumbered encom- 
passed uncomfortable uncompromising unaccomplished non- 
compliance recommittal recompense accommodating unac- 
commodating uncommon recommending recommended recom- 
menced circumvent circumscribed circumference circumstan- 
tial circumspectly circumnavigate. 

3. Connubial congregate congratulate concourse concurred 
(conquered) concurrence concurrent concordant conical con- 
clusively concluded concluding condole controller (comptrol- 
ler) conversing conversant convulse convulsive convalescent 
confirmative confirmatory consciously consciousness conscien- 
tious conscientiousness connoisseur concealment console con- 
solatory conspiracy conspirator conscript consecrate consid- 
erable considerate construe constrain constrained (constraint) 
conceivable concisely consistently consistency consumed con- 
sumptive consul consolidate conciliatory conserve concert 
consort congenial congeal conjugal congested conjecture con- 
jure conquest. 

4. Condemned condense condescend condone (condign) con- 
duce conducive contaminate contemptible contemporaneous 
contiguous contagion continent continuity continually contin- 
gent contingency contour contumely contumacy contentment 
contented (contended) convene conveniently confidential con- 
federate confiscate confinement conference conceited constit- 
uent constituency constituents constabulary constantly. 



BUSWESS SHOBTHANb. 149 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 25. 

Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 26 and preceding Lessons: 

1. Disconcerted disconsolate disconnected unconcerned un- 
conquerable unconscionable unconsciously unconsciousness la- 
conically irreconcilable reconnoiter reconsider reconnaissance 
economized economist. Contributory contrived contrivance 
contravene contraries. Magnificence magniloquently mag- 
nanimity magnanimous magnetism magnetic magnesium. 

2. Imbue imbecile impudently impotent impoverish impinge 
superimpose imposed impost impassive impassively impene- 
trable imponderable impanel impale impulsive impure impair 
impurity imperishable imperious impertinent impeachment 
impede impediment impetuous impending impound impropri- 
ety impregnable imprudence importune importunity impervi- 
ous impartiality impressively impressible imperceptible im- 
prisonment impersonate impersonal imperatively importunate 
imagine imaginary improvise reimbursement. 

3. Immigrant immovable immemorial immorality immerse 
immolate immensely imminent immanent immunity imma- 
ture immaturity immoderately immeasurable. 

4. Inborn inebriate inbred inappropriate inappreciable in- 
operative ingot inexact inexhaustible inexorable ingratiate 
ingress ingredient ingrate ingratitude inaugural incandes- 
cent incase inexcusable inextricable inaccessible inaccuracy 
inaccurate iniquitous inactive incorporated incorrigible incur 
incurable incredible incalculable including inclemency inau- 
dible indefatigable indefensible induce indisposed indiscreet 
indiscriminate indecent indemnified indemnity indomitable 
indent indolent indigenous (indulgence) indebtedness inde- 
pendently individuality individually intuitive intestate intem- 
perate intimacy intimately intimidate intense intensity intel- 
lectual intolerable intelligible interment intrepid interrogate 
introduce intrench intrenchment intrust intrinsic invariably 
invaluable invoke invade (inveighed) invalidate invite involve 
invisible inventor inventory inefficient infuse infest informal 
misinformed infamy infamous inoffensive infer infernal infe- 
riority infirm inflexible injured inestimable insomuch inas- 
much insubordinate incipient inspire inexperience inexperi- 
enced insignificant insignificance coincide instead instantly. 



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BUSINESS SHOBTBAND. 151 

SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 26. 

Write the following- words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 27 and preceding- Lessons: 

1. Instance instinct insufficient incessant instanter insensi- 
ble incentive incendiary insolent ineligible inquire incumbent 
inconsiderate inconsiderable inconstant inconstancy. 

2. Advocacy advisement advisory advancement adventure 
advent adversely. Transpose transparent transcribe tran- 
script transit transitory transform transformed transom. 

3. Impatience emancipation misrepresentation adaptation 
reparation exasperation abrogation conflagration occasion- 
ally occasions abdication supplication revocation suffocation 
verification gratification unification mortification nullifica- 
tion ratification altercation consecration desecration recrea- 
tion miscalculation. 

4. Repudiation dilapidation depredation degradation inval- 
idation radiation reconsideration computation deputation im- 
putation commutation interpretation refutation citation sta- 
tionary (stationery) attestation detestation visitation devas- 
tation manifestation molestation resuscitation prostration 
imitation meditation consultation exultation irritr.tion agi- 
tation adulteration perpetration penetration mutilation ven- 
tilation retaliation discontinuation. 

5. Evasion abbreviation starvation reservation federation 
depreciation renunciation Christianization authorization re- 
organization disorganization colonization polarization solem- 
nization cessation elicitation illustration restoration an- 
nexation relaxation immoderation acclamation exclamation 
consummation intimation transformation confirmation ani- 
mation ornamentation temptation limitation admiration. 

6. Designation inclination donation delineation consterna- 
tion fascination assassination concentration abomination con- 
tamination condemnation denomination illumination termi- 
nation ruination exoneration remuneration. 

7. Cancellation isolation insulation translation irrational 
exag-geration perpetuation evacuation fluctuation infatua- 
tion attenuation insinuation tribulation capitulation manip- 
ulation stimulation simulation adulation persuasion dissua- 
sion dissimulation modulation. 



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BUSINESS SHORTHAND. IBS 



SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE 27. 

Write the following words in accordance with the principles 
illustrated and explained in Lesson 28 and preceding" Lessons: 

1. Abolition abolitionist commissions commissioned com- 
missioning commissioner practitioner additions unconditional 
sedition perdition tradition rendition tuition intuition repeti- 
tion statistician nutrition. 

2. Vision visionary supervision subdivision revision supposi- 
tion exposition decomposition indisposition predisposition 
transposition physician musician incision indecision mission 
emission dismission transmission remission missionary manu- 
mission intermission coalition volition apparition derision. 

3. Distribution retribution cushion collusion conclusion se- 
clusion evolution involution revolutionary infusion diffusion 
suffusion transfusion allusion delusion dilution dissolution so- 
lution diminution substitution corrosion emotion locomotion 
notional lotion erosion passionately compassionate impas- 
sioned old-fashioned unfashionable depletion repletion arte- 
sian lesion cohesion. 

4. Objectionable unobjectionable prescription transcription 
conception inception interception perception eruption disrup- 
tion absorption oppression compression depression dispropor- 
tionate aggression congressional digression actionable inac- 
tion reaction auctioneer complexion recollection dissection 
eviction fiction faction infection disinfection putrefaction 
confectionery infraction affliction infliction deflection exac- 
tion intersection electioneer erection insurrection resurrec- 
tion version perversion diversion conversion inversion profes- 
sion confession session concession dispossession self-possession 
procession accession succession secession. 

5. Presumption resumption assumption consumption pen- 
sion expansion contention pretension detention distention re- 
tention invention intervention contravention prevention dis- 
sension condescension dimension ammunition admonition pre- 
monition compulsion expulsion convulsion revulsion aspersion 
dispersion desertion. Abduction deduction dictionary bene- 
diction detection distraction misconstruction rejection. 

6. Inability impossibility improbability culpability practic- 
ability stability sociability durability. Suretyship guardian- 
ship ownership partnership worship generalship hardship. 



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